Mr.    Morr5.s    C.    James 


GREEK  INFLECTION; 


OR. 


Object-Lessons  in  Greek  Philology. 


BY 


B.  F.  HABDING,  M.  A., 

Teacher  of  Greek  at  St.  Paul's  School,  Concord,  N.  H. 


>  '     5       3  J    J 

,15         o>  I   ■)  ■>     y    i  ■>  ■> 

,5,3)  .  J       5      >  5 


Tuv  ttSvccu  TTCoKovcTiv  rjfxtv  TTOLPTa  rayaS'   ol  0€oi. 

Epicharmus. 


BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED   BY   GINN   &  COMPANY. 
1886. 


GIFT  OF 


y^yv^  yi^ 


(2    L4u''>''U^i--^ 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  j'ear  1885,  by 

B.  F.  HARDING, 
in  the  OtHce  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


J.  S.  CusuiNo  &  Co.,  Pkintkks,  Boston. 


Cf-^-M^t^^t^^^^ 

U 

PREFACE. 

'                   ■                  :       \ 

The  object  of  this  work  is  to  economize  time  for  the 
teacher  by  furnishing  a  large  number  of  words  for  ready  use, 
as  paradigms,  in  the  class-room,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
suggest-  a  systematic  and  scientific  treatment  of  the  noun 
and  verb,  which  will  expedite  work  and  assist  in  gaining  a 
larger  comprehension  of  the  inflected  parts  of  speech. 

Explanations  of  the  Case-endings  and  Terminations  of  the 
noun  are  given  chiefly  to  establish  the  system  of  inflection 
herein  set  forth,  and  to  collect  in  small  compass  the  latest 
developments  of  philology  on  these  subjects.  And  here  it 
should  he  home  in  mind  that  philology  oversteps  herself  occa- 
sionally in  her  enthusiasm^  and  designates  as  facts  what  in 
recdity  are  scientific  hypotheses} 

As  this  work  is  designed  in  part  to  form  a  stepping-stone  * 
between  the  school  and  the  comparative  grammars,  it  is 
sufficient  to  show  the  system  of  inflection  applied  to  the 
verb,  without  going  at  length  into  an  explanation  of  the 
whole  subject  of  its  formation.  Explanations,  however,  are 
given  of  a  few  common  verbal  forms  which  are  sometimes 
misunderstood.  Pronouns  for  the  same  reason  have  been 
omitted.      Although   in    the    case    of  pronouns  with    gender 

^  See  Introduction,  p.  3. 

2  This  book  is  intended  also  for  jjarallel  work  with  the  grammar,  and 
with  this  object  in  view  to  be  used  by  the  hecjinner  as  well  as  by  the 
more  advanced  scholar  or  teacher. 

M105244 


IV  PREFACE. 

{e.g.,  iK€Lvo<;)  the  "  Explanations  "  are  applicable,  still  in  pro- 
nouns without  gender  (e.g.,  iyo)),  we  are  brought  face  to  face 
with  the  same  pronominal  elements  as  are  found  in  the 
Personal  Endings  of  the  verb.  For  all  such  the  student  is 
referred  to  the  comparative  grammar. 

The  system  of  separating  the  so-called  Stem  from  the  End- 
ing is  well  known  to  all.  In  the  system  before  us,  however, 
"  Lines  of  Separation  "  are  employed  with  the  idea  of  empha- 
sizing or  of  illustrating  the  separate  elements  of  a  Greek 
word  as  plainly  as  possible.  These  lines  ^  (see  7,  14,  and  159) 
are  guides  to  a  consistent  method  of  inflection  of  both  noun 
and  verb.  Although  sufficient  for  a  practical  knowledge  of 
Greek  to  divide  a  word  into  ''Apparent  Stem  and  Termina- 
tion'' {e.g.,  X6y-o<i),  yet  it  is  held  of  the  highest  importance, 
as  a  foundation  for  accurate  scholarship,  to  show  the  forma- 
tion of  such  a  word  more  minutely  by  dividing  it  into 
''Real  Stem  and  Ending''  {e.g.,  Aoyo-s ;  cf.  iXm^S)-^)  ;  and 
further,  that  the  application  of  this  system  to  every  form  of 
inflected  part  of  speech  will  arouse  an  interest  in  the  subject 
of  inflection,^  without  increasing  work,  and  in  many  object- 
lessons  suggest  facts  previously  unappreciated  or  ignored. 
This  analysis  of  Stem  and  Ending  besides  inculcating  accu- 
racy in  the  pupil  is  of  the  greatest  importance  in  the  prep- 
aration for  the  translation  of  "  Greek  at  sight." 

The  classified  lists  of  words  are  arranged  to  follow  those 

*  The  consideration  of  contracted  forms  gave  rise  to  certain  "General 
Rules  "  (7),  designed  to  show,  in  their  application  to  the  inflection  of  a 
word,  the  original  elements  of  the  contraction. 

'^  And,  it  is  hoped,  infuse  a  desire  for  more  advanced  work  in  Greek 
Philology. 


PREFACE.  V 

in  either  Goodwin's  or  Hadley  and  Allen's  grammar;  occa- 
sionally additions  have  been  made  in  their  proper  places. 
Much  care  has  been  taken  to  select  enough  words  for  con- 
tinuous and  varied  practice,  and,  at  the  same  time,  by  an 
approximate  statement  in  regard  to  the  number  ^  of  the  words 
of  each  class,  to  afford  some  guide  as  to  its  relative  impor- 
tance. Therefore,  anomalous  or  defective  forms  {e.g.,  irregu- 
lar nouns  of  the  Consonant  declension)  are  generally  left  for 
the  grammar ;  not  with  the  view  of  neglecting  forms  of 
frequent  occurrence  {e.g.,  Sopv),  but  of  avoiding  useless  repe- 
titions. It  is  recommended  to  recite  and  w^ite  the  declen- 
sions w^ith  the  cases  arranged  in  the  order  of  Nominative, 
Vocative,  Accusative,  Genitive,  Dative,  for  the  sake  of  uni- 
formity of  arrangement,  and  of  showing  the  similarity  of 
formation  of  the  N.  Y.  A.  in  the  three  numbers. 

The  declensions  are  called  the  Vowel  and  Consonant.  The 
Vowel  includes  Stems  ending  in  d,  the  A  (or  First)  declension, 
and  in  o  (originally  a),  the  0  (or  Second)  declension.  The  Con- 
sonant includes  Slems  ending  in  a  consonant,  and  some  ending 
in  t  or  V,  which  are  in  reality  Stevis  of  a  double  nature,  the 
final  letter  of  the  8tevi  having  disappeared  in  most  of  the  cases. 

Unless  otherwise  specified,  all  references  are  to  sections  in 
this  book. 

Suggestions  from  teachers  who  may  make  trial  of  this  work 
are  particularly  invited. 

Concord.  N.  H.,  July,  1885. 

^  Words  given  in  the  grammar  are  generally  omitted  in  these  lists. 
Proper  names  are  excluded  from  the  lists  in  estimating  the  number  of 
the  words  of  each  class,  since  the  Lexicon  does  not  include  many  of 
them  in  its  vocabulary. 


LIST   OF   AUTHORITIES   CONSULTED   IN   THE 
PREPARATION   OF   THIS   WORK. 


CURTIUS, 

"  The  Greek  Verb."     London,  John  Murray. 

"Greek  Grammar."       (Published    in    English    as    "The 

Student's  Greek  Grammar.") 
"  Greek  Grammar  Explained,  or  Elucidations." 
(All  the  above  in  translations.) 

GusTAv  Meyer, 

"  Grieschische  Grammatik." 

Papillon, 

"  Comparative    Philology   applied    to    Greek    and    Latin 
Inflections."     (Oxford,  Clarendon  Press  Series,  1882.) 

Peile, 

"  Introduction  to  Greek  and  Latin  Etymology." 

Schleicher. 

"  Comparative  Grammar."     Translated  by  Plerbert  Ben- 
dall,  M.  A. 

The  grammars  of  Goodwin,  Hadley  and  Allen,  Ktihner, 
and  others,  and  the  last  edition  of  Liddell  and  Scott's  Greek- 
English  Lexicon. 


CONTENTS. 


Introduction 


PAGE 

1 


PART    I.     NOUN    INFLECTION. 

Preliminary  Work 5 

Definitions  ...........  5 

Comparative  Table  of  Case-endings 7 

General  Rules  for  Written  Inflection         ....  7 

Application  of  the  General  Rules  to  Nouns        ...  9 

Explanations  of  Terminations  and  Case-endings  ...  10 

of  the  a  Declension 10 

OF  the  0  Declension 13 

of  the  Consonant  Declension  ....  15 

Explanations  of  Certain  Consonant  Stems    .         .        .        .  17 

Classified  Lists  of  Nouns  of  the  A  Declension   ...  22 

OF  the  0  Declension    ...  23 

OF  THE  Consonant  Declension     .  25 

Classified  Lists  of  Adjectives  of  the  Vowel  Declension   .  31 

of  Adjectives  of  the  Consonant  Declension  32 

OF  Adjectives  of  the  Consonant  and  Vowel 

Declensions .33 


PART   II.     VERB  INFLECTION. 

Preliminary  Work  

Definitions  ........ 

Application  of  the  General  Rules  to  Verbs 
Explanations  of  Certain  Forms  of  the  Verb 
Appendix 


34 
35 
36 
37 
44 


INTRODUCTION. 


1.  In  proposing  this  system  of  inflection  the  author  would 
not  seem  to  suggest  to  the  experienced  teacher  that  which 
would  doubtless  prove  inferior  to  his  own  well-established 
method.  His  aim  is  to  assist,  if  possible,  that  other  rapidly 
increasing  class  of  young  teachers  whose  methods,  however 
good  they  may  be,  have  not  yet  undergone  the  test  of  experi- 
ence. To  these  latter,  in  the  words  of  Curtius :  "It  is  alto- 
gether monstrous  that  a  number  of  our  schoolmasters  should 
proceed  to  this  task  of  teaching  languages  (what  I  say  holds 
good  of  Latin  no  less  than  Greek)  without  ever  studying  the 
structure  of  the  language  they  have  to  teach.  That  this 
defect  operates  beneficially  on  the  delight  of  the  teacher  in 
undertaking  his  task  is  what  no  one  will  believe. 

"  On  the  contrary,  as  we  ahvays  find  most  pleasure  in  teach- 
ing subjects  which  we  love  because  we  have  labored  upon 
them,  and  admire  because  we  apprehend  their  internal  organ- 
ization, we  may  suppose  that  those  will  teach  languages  — 
and  Greek  especially  —  with  more  enthusiasm,  and  therefore 
with  better  results,  to  whom  the  forms  are  something  differ- 
ent from  a  motley  multitude  of  unintelligible  structures,  and 
something  more  than  an  unavoidable  task  to  be  learned 
mechanically.  Changes  of  sounds,  forms  of  inflection,  are 
no  longer  what  they  were  in  the  eyes  of  one  who  has  learnt 
to  combine  them  into  a  whole,  and  to  recognize  even  in  the 
smallest  details  the  web  woven  by  the  genius  of  language. 
To  him,  even  elementary  teaching  offers  many  of  the  charms 


Z  INTRODUCTION. 

of  science.  But  not  merely  the  j^leasure  of  teaching,  that  of 
learning  also  will  be  increased,  if  instruction  in  language  is 
not  cut  off  from  contact  w'th  science.  For  in  this  way  some- 
thing of  the  delight  which  every  glimpse  of  order  and  law 
ensures,  will  come  even  to  the  jiupil's  aid.  If  when  the 
forms  have  been  impressed  on  the  memory  the  pupil  is  taught 
by  correct  analysis  to  see  how  they  have  arisen,  and  to  per- 
ceive the  special  causes  of  apparent  irregularities,  there  is  no 
doubt  that  by  such  a  course  the  attention  is  sharpened  and 
the  memory  rendered  more  tenacious.  And  who  would  refuse 
to  recognize  the  exercise  of  the  understanding,  also,  called 
into  play  by  such  a  process?  Nay,  more  than  exercise  of  the 
understanding.  For  the  habit  of  combining  complicated  de- 
tails into  a  whole,  of  seeking  for  analogies,  the  rejection  of 
the  shallow  admission  of  mere  caprice  and  exception,  carries 
with  it  a  higher  element  of  culture.  And  this  caji  he  brought 
to  the  help  of  the  youthful  pupil  luithout  in  the  least  increasing 
the  material  amount  of  his  studies.''  And  again  :  "  The  con- 
sistent carrying  out  of  the  stem-theory  is  sometimes  opposed 
on  the  ground  that  it  has  to  deal  with  pure  abstractions. 
This  seems  a  serious  objection.  But  where  is  the  Greek  gram- 
mar that  does  not  take  refuge  in  forms  the  existence  of  which 
can  no  longer  be  proved  from  actual  usage  ?  Were  the  end- 
ings -/xt,  -(Tt,  -Tt,  or  these  false  stems,  Xoy,  ycre,  rt/x-,  ever  uttered 
as  separate  words?  Yet,  for  the  last  hundred  years  no  gram- 
marian has  appeared  without  such  abstractions.  Besides, 
where  do  we  find  Aeovr-o-t  written,  from  which  every  one  very 
properly  derives  keova-L?  In  a  word,  we  are  not  dealing  with 
an  absolute  innovation,  but  only  with  the  consistent  carrying 
out  of  a  principle  universally  recognized  as  correct.  Indeed, 
in  many  cases  the  question  is  wdiether  we  are  to  introduce 
hypothetical  forms  the  existence  of  which  can  be  proved  by 
the  severest  method  of  linguistic  inquiry,  or  forms  like  Xoy, 
y€V€,  TLfi,  which  can  be  proved  never  to  have  had  any  existence 


INTRODUCTION.  3 

at  all.  It  is  noticeable  that  the  opponents  of  innovation  are 
the  chief  supporters  of  the  latter  forms." 

"  Besides,  the  stems  are  by  no  means  mere  abstractions. 
There  was  a  period  in  the  life  of  language  —  a  very  early 
one,  it  is  true,  and  long  antecedent  to  the  existence  of  Greek 
as  a  separate  language,  because  antecedent  to  the  inflection 
common  to  all  the  Indo-Germanic  languages — in  which  in 
all  probability  those  forms  which  we  now  call  roots  and  stems 
were  actual  words,  although  for  the  most  part  they  had  not 
as  yet  received  the  phonetic  form  peculiar  to  Greek." 

The  above  refers  to  a  period  antedating  the  existence  of 
all  languages  as  distinct  formations.  J5iU  this  is  not  the  pre- 
Greek  period  to  which  reference  is  made  in  this  iuorl\  Bv  this 
name  is  designated  that  embryonic  stage  in  the  development 
of  the  Greek  language,  the  existence  of  which  is  so  well 
established  by  philology  as  to  be  regarded  by  some  as  an 
actual  fact.  During  this  early  period  the  influence  of  Sanskrit 
on  Greek  formation  was  strongly  felt,  —  a  fact  clearly  de- 
monstrated by  a  comparative  study  of  the  two  languages. 


Part  I. 

XOUX   IXFLECTIOX. 


2.  Preliminary  Work.  —  In  writing  the  inflection  of  the 
A  and  0  declensions,  separate  the  Termination  from  the  rest 
of  the  word  by  a  dotted  line  ^  (called  the  Apparent  Line), 
and  ditto  the  unchangeable  portion  of  the  word  (or  the  Ap)par- 
ent  Stem)  in  all  the  cases  except  in  the  Nominative  Singular, 
where  it  must  be  written  in  full.  The  accent  must  never  he 
omitted,  as  the  ditto-marks  apply  only  to  the  spelling,  in 
which  the  "breathings"  are  necessarily  included. 

Note  that  in  the  above  method  we  are  dealing  with  the 
Apparent,  not  the  Beal  Stem.  While  this  method  at  first  is 
recommended  until  perfect  familiarity  tvith  the  Terminations 
of  the  A  and  0  declensions  he  acquired,  let  careful  attention 
then  be  called  to  their  Heal  Stems  and  Case-endings,  before 
proceeding  to  the  Case-endings  and  Real  Stems  of  the  Con- 
sonant declension,  each  pupil  finally  writing  out  a  Compara- 
tive Table  of  Case-endings  of  the  Three  Greek  Declensions. 

Defixitioxs.     See  cdso  14. 

3.  (a)  A  Case-ending  is  an  addition  of  a  letter  or  letters  to 
the  Heal  Stem  of  a  word  to  designate  a  case  :  e.g.,  X6yo-<i, 
7roAtTd-[v]s,  cfivXaK-OLV. 

(h)  A    Case-ending   is   often    wanting:     e.g.,    o-co^a-,   Aoyc-, 


1  i^ 


ee  <. 


6  NOUN    INFLECTION. 

4.  (a)  A  Termination  is  the  union  or  contraction  of  the 
final  vowel  of  the  Real  Stem  with  the  Case-ending:  e.g., 
7roA-t9,  7roAtT-a[v]?,  \6y-io,  ^wp-cov,  Xvofxev-os. 

(b)  Or  the  union  or  contraction  of  the  final  consonant  of 
the  Meal  8te7n  \\\i\\  the   Case-ending :  e.r/.,  AeW-Tos,  crw/xa-ros, 

cjivka-^,   (f>X€-\j/L. 

(c)  Or  the  fijial  vowel  of  the  Real  8tem  (often  modified  ^) 
in  the  A  and  0  declensions:  e.g.,  A.oy-€,  Soi/a-a,  yecfivp-a^  Mova-a, 
oIkl-u.     Here,  of  course,  there  is  no  Case-ending. 

(d)  Or  the  final  letter  (vowel  or  consonant)  of  the  Real 
Stem  in  the  Consonant  declension  :  e.g.,  yeVo-?,  irar-q-p,  ttoX-l, 
^acrtXe-v,     Here,  of  course,  there  is  no  Case-ending. 

(e)  Or  the  Case-ending  alone  :  e.g.,  StSou-s,  oSov-?,  Tpirjpe-a-L. 

(/)  Or,  finally,  the  Termination  may  be  wanting:  e.g., 
(Tixifxa-,  XeoiV-. 

5.  Modification  is  the  raising  or  lowering  of  the  final  vowel 
of  the  Real  Stem ;  this  has  no  reference  to  Contraction:  e.g., 
Xoye  (Aoyo),  rt/xry  (tl/jlo).  In  the  0  declension  wherever  we 
find  o),  a,  and  c,  and  in  the  A  declension,  a  or  r),  this  process 
has  taken  place. 

6.  Compare  the  Teiininations  of  the  Vowel  declension  as 
given  in  the  grammar,  with  the  following  list  of  Case-endings 
of  the  Vowel  and  Consonant  declensions. 

Note.  No  list  of  Terminations  of  the  Consonant  declension 
is  practicable,  as  the  Steins  are  too  various  to  admit  of  any 
classification  similar  to  that  of  the  A  and  0  declensions. 


See 


NOUN    INFLECTION. 


Comparative  Table  of  Case-Endings. 


Vowel  Declension. 

Consonant  Declension. 

M.  &  V.                       X. 

M.  &  F.                                  N. 

N. 

s  or  —                  V 

s  or  —  (s)                     — 

V. 

—                               V 

S  or  —  (s)                     — 

A. 

V                                V 

v  or  a                         — 

G. 

S  (a.s)  0  (lo)           o  (to) 

OS  or  ft)s  (os) 

D. 

t  (ei)                 I  (ei) 

I 

X. 

V.  A. 

-{e) 

€ 

G.  D. 

IV 

OIV 

N. 

I                      — 

€s                              a 

V. 

I                      — 

€S                              a 

A. 

vs                    — 

vs  '^•r  as                        a 

G. 

«v 

wv 

D. 

IS  (eis) 

o-i 

Older  formu  are  bracketed  in  the  above. 


General  Rules  for  Written  Inflection. 

7.  The  dotted  line  is  called  the  Apparent  Line  to  distin- 
guish it  from  that  at  its  right,  the  Meal  Line  of  Separation. 
All  letters  of  the  word  to  the  left  of  the  Meal  Line  form  the 
Meal  Stem ;  ^  all  to  the  left  of  the  Apparent  Line,  the  Appar- 
ent Stem} 

8.  Wherever  a  contraction^  occurs  of  the  final  letter  of  the 
Meal  Stem^  with  the  initial  letter  of  the  Ending,  the  result  ^'"^ 
is  always  written  on  the  Meal  Line. 

^  Two  vowels  that  unite  to  form  a  diphthong  are  treated  according  to 
8  and  9.  Wherever  contraction  occurs,  the  form  must  be  analyzed  to  find 
the  Real  and  the  Apparent  Stem.  The  Real  Stem  is  found  by  dropping 
the  Ending;  the  Apparent  Stem,  by  dropping  the  Termination.  The 
Real  always  includes  the  Apparent  Stem,  and  the  Termination,  the  Und- 
ing.    The  Real  Stem  may  also  be  called  the  Stem ;  the  Real  Line,  the  Line. 

"^  Sometimes  the  Real  and  the  Apparent  Stem  are  the  same,  and,  in 
like  manner,  the  Termination  and  the  Ending:  e.g.,  in  certain  forms  of 
the  Consonant  declension  which  have  lost  the  original  final  letter  of  the 
Stem,  and  in  all  forms  of  the  verb  which  lack  a  Variable  vowel.     Con- 


NOUlC    INFLECTION. 


9.  Wherever  a  contraction  ^  occurs  of  the  final  letter  of  the 
Apparent  Stem"^  with  the  initial  letter  of  the  Termination, 
the  result  ^  is  always  written  on  the  Apparent  Line. 

10.  Letters  that  are  dropped  by  the  laws  of  changes  and 
Endings  that  have  disappeared  in  the  development  of  the 
language,  must  appear  in  their  original  places  bracketed. 

11.  Wherever  an  element  {letter  or  Ending)  is  wanting,  a 
dash  must  mark  the  omission. 

12.  Put  II  after  all  forms  with  exceptional  accent. 

13.  (c/)  Put  *  over  the  Mode  sign  of  the  Subjunctive  and 
Optative,  and  in  noun  inflection,  after  the  Genitive  and 
Dative  of  both  oxytones  of  the  A  and  0,  and  monosyllables 
of  the  Consonant  declension. 

(b)  Always  ditto  the  Ap)parent  Stem*'  and  write  the  Termi- 
nation in  full. 

14.  Remark.  In  this  system  of  written  inflection  we 
must  be  guided  often  by  the  pre-Greeh^  nature  of  the  End- 
ing :  e.g.,  x^P"-^^  ^-  ^•'  ■^oyo),  N.  D.,  below.  The  formation  of 
the  cases  was  too  old  to  influence  the  Greek  accent,  although 
in  some  cases  the  accent  agrees  with  a  consideration  of  the 
older  or  uncontracted  form:  e.g.,  x^P^^  (x^P"-^^)'  ^^^^^  Aoycai/ 
(Aoyocov),  x'^P"-'^  (xw/aaf/s).  In  the  table  below,  the  letters  at 
the  sides  refer  to  Case  and  Number  respectively  ;  the  num- 
bers, to  sections. 


traction  is  always  retroactive  :  e.g.,  i(pi\ov  not  i^iK^^oro  for  i<pi\€€<To. 
Therefore  the  contraction,  if  any  occur,  is  written  according  to  9  when 
the  Real  and  the  Apparent  Stem  are  the  same. 

2  Final  v  or  s  of  the  Ending  preceded  by  a  vowel  always  remains  in 
its  regular  place.  When  a  proper  diphthong  is  written  on  either  line, 
the  two  vowels  are  joined  together. 

*  In  the  Accusative  Singular  and  Dative  Plural  of  the  Consonant  de- 
clension the  final  vowel  of  the  Apparent  Stem  often  varies  from  that  in 
the  Nominative  Singular.  This  change  of  vowel  must  be  shown  in  its 
proper  place.     Here  the  ditto  marks  apply  to  the  last  form  written. 

^  See  Introduction,  p.  3. 


Vv 


NOUN    INFLECTION. 


Application  of  the  General  Rules. 


Real  Stem. 

End- 
ing. 

Eeal  Stem. 

End- 
ing. 

<»  a 

oeTS 

O  a 

M 

Theme. 

+ 

1 

Theme.   1     + 

1 

1 

N.S. 

4(c),  11, 
15. 

X«p 

a 

— 

■yt'vo  1     s 

! 

— 

3(6),4(ri), 
11,50. 

N.S. 

G.S. 

4  (a),  8, 
23. 

X«P 

( 

LS 

■ye'vov  (cr) 
1 

S 

4(a),  8n.l, 
9  n.  2,10, 60. 

G.S. 

N.P. 

4  (a),  8, 

18. 

X"P 

a 

I 

^ncpiKXtji   s 

1 

[s] 

i{dl  10, 
49,  72. 

N.S. 

A.  P. 

3(o),4(a), 
10.  22. 

X"P 

a 

[v]s 
[v]s 

> 

iro\  ]      t 

1 

1 

s 

4  (a),  49, 
66. 

N.S. 

V.S. 

4(c),  11, 
35. 

Xo'y 

€ 

iro'Xct  ij) 

1 
1 

s 

4(e),  9  n.  2, 
10.52.66.70 

N.P. 

A.  P. 

4  (a),  5,          ^  \o"Y 
10,  41.     1 

ov 

iro'Xe  !    (j) 

1 

ori 

4  (e),  10, 
6.5,66,70. 

D.P. 

N.D. 

4  (a),  8,             \o'v 
32. 

c 

ixev]  (F) 

1 

OS 

4  (c),  10, 
60,66,70. 

G.S. 

N.P. 

4(c),  11,            8J5p 
34. 

a 

1 

1X0 1     V 

1 

cri 

4  (a),  60, 
66. 

D.P. 

N.S. 

4  (6),  8,      '    4>v\a 
49. 

Pao-iXe'j   (f) 

1 
1 

a 

4  (c),  10, 
55,  66. 

A.S. 

N.S. 

4  (c?),  10,      Saiuft) 
49,  72. 

V 

PcuriXcv 

1 
1 

<ri 

3  (a),  9, 
65. 

D.P. 

N.S. 

4  (/),  10,     2\v«v 
49,  72. 

[r] 

[s] 

va 

V 

[v> 

3  (a),  9, 
58. 

A.  P. 

N.S. 

4(e),10,12.  StSovIv 

49,  72. 

t] 

s;i 

Po 

(F) 
P 

«v* 

4  (e),  10, 
13  (a),  62. 

G.P. 

N.S. 

4  (C?),    10,        TplTJpTl 

49,  72. 

s 

[5] 

iraT[€] 

OS 

4  (a),  10, 
60. 

G.S. 

D.P. 

4  (e),  10,     1  rpiTipc 

65.            j 

>] 

o-i 

irarp 

a 

<ri 

4  (a),  65, 
69. 

D.P. 

Appar- 
enl 

;  Stem. 

Termina- 
tion. 

Apparent 
Stem. 

Termina- 
tion, 

^  Observe  that  the  ou  of  Koyovs  is  not  written  on  the  Beal  Line  as  it  is 
a  modification  of  the  final  vowel  of  the  Heal  Stem,  and  not  a  contraction. 

^  Each  letter  is  bracketed  to  mark  a  separate  operation.  But  cf. 
5i5ov[vt]s,  below. 

^  In  UcpiKXTJs  the  contraction  is  written  before  the  Apparent  Line,  as 
both  vowels  belong  to  the  Apparent  Stem.  The  only  class  of  this  description. 


10  noun  inflection. 

Explanations  of  Terminations  and  Case-Endings. 
The  A  Declension. 

15.  Nominative  Singular.     (F.) 

The  Terminations  a,  -q  are  modifications^  of  the  original 
final  d  of  the  Real  8tem ;  e.g.,  Tifirj,  Stem  rt/xd,  original  d 
modified  to  -q ;  ye<^vpa,  Stem  y€(f>vpd,  original  d  modified  to  d. 
In  words  like  x^P^t,  otKta,  the  original  final  d  of  the  Beat  Stem 
has  been  retained  without  any  modification.  The  Case-ending 
is  wanting. 

16.  Nominative  Singular.     (M.) 

The  Termination  q^  is  a  modification  of  the  final  d  of  the 
Real  Stem,  to  which  the  Case-ending  ?  is  added :  e.g.,  7ro\tTr}<s 
=  TToXtrry  +  s  =  TToXtrd  +  s  ;  the  Termination  d?  is  formed  by 
adding  the  Case-ending  9  directly  to  the  final  vowel  of  the 
Real  Stem  with  no  modification  :  e.g.,  ra/xtd?  —  ra/xtd -|- 9. 

17.  Nominative  Dual. 

The  Termination  d  arises  from  a  pre-Greelc'^  contraction  of 
the  final  d  of  the  Real  Stem  with  the  Case-ending  e\  e.g., 
Xwpd  =  x<*^P«^  +  ^-  "^^^^  6  remains  in  the  Consonant  declension  : 
e.g.,  (l>vXaK-€. 

18.  Nominative  Plural. 

The  Termination  at,  arising  from  the  union  of  the  final 
vowel  of  the  Real  Stem  with  the  Case-ending  t,  shows  no  trace 
of  final  s  (c/.  c?  in  <^uAaK-c9),  although  on  the  analogy  of  the 
Latin  we  should  infer  that  it  once  existed.  Possibly  this 
formation  is  analogous  to  that  of  rat,  the  old  form  of  the 
Article. 


See  5.  ^  See  Introduction,  p.  3. 


NOUN    INFLECTION.  11 

19.  Vocative. 

The  Vocative  is  like  the  Nominative  in  all  numbers  of  the 
A  declension,  except  in  the  Singular  of  nouns  in  as  and  r)<i. 
Nouns  in  as  drop  s  of  the  Nominative  to  form  the  Vocative : 
i.e.,  have  the  Vocative  the  same  as  the  Heal  Stem.  Nouns  in 
■q<;  drop  s  and  form  the  Vocative  in  >;,  except  those  ending  in 
-TT^s,  national  appellatives  (like  ncpo-^ys,  a  Persian),  and  com- 
pounds with  -fMirprj?,  -TrtTriys,  -ttojAt^s,  -Tpi^rjq,^  all  of  which 
have  a  in  the  Vocative  Singular. 

20.  Accusative  Singular. 

The  Terminations  av,  av,  -qv,  arise  from  the  addition  of  v,  the 
Case-ending  to  the  final  vowel  of  the  Real  Stem.  The  Real 
Stem  is  treated  as  in  15. 

21.  Accusative  Dual.     See  17. 

22.  Accusative  Plural. 

The  Terminatioji  as  arises  from  an  addition  of  the  Case- 
ending  vs  to  the  final  vowel  of  the  Real  Stem:  e.g.,  ;(ojpas  = 
Xwpa  +  vs,  the  V  disappearing  in  Attic  Greek.  No  compensa- 
tory lengthening  has  taken  place,  as  the  v%  was  added  directly 
to  the  long  vowel  of  the  R^eal  Stem.  The  Case-ending  vs  =  v, 
the  Case-ending  of  the  Accusative  Singular,  plus  s,  which  is 
added  to  form  the  Plural.     CJ.  (fivXaK-a<s. 

23.  Genitive  Singular.     (F.) 

The  Termination  as  arises  from  a  pre-Greeh  contraction  of 
the  final  vowel  of  the  Real  Stem  with  the  Case-ending  as 
(jas)  :  e.g.,  ^^P"^  "^  X^P"-  +  ^  ^^  X^P^ H~  ^'^■^'  ^^^^  Termination 
rys  is  merely  a  modification  of  a  to  t;  :  e.g.,  Ttfxrj<;^=TLfjLa<;.  See 
14,  Remark. 

^  Possibly  a  few  other  compounds  occur. 


12  NOUN    INFLECTION, 

24.  Genitive  Singular.     (M.) 

The  Termination  ov  arises  from  a  contraction  of  the  final 
vowel  of  the  Beal  jSie?n  with  o  [0-2/0,  to],  the  Case-ending.  The 
Attic  Genitive  in  ov  is  a  contraction  on  the  analogy  of  that 
of  ov  in  the  0  declension,  the  influence  of  the  Ionic  Genitive 
in  -CO)  without  doubt  having  some  weight :  e.g.^  ttoXltov  = 
ttoXltu -\~  o.    See  14,  Remark. 

25.  Genitive  Dual. 

The  Termination  aiv  arises  from  the  union  of  the  final 
vowel  of  the  Real  8tem.  with  the  Case-endiyig  lv  (0tv)  :  e.g., 

26.  Genitive  Plural. 

The  Termination  wv  arises  from  a  contraction  of  the  final 
vowel  of  the  Real  Stem  with  the  Case-ending  mv ;  e.g.,  ^wptui/ 
—  X'^P^  +  ^i^«     See  14,  Remark. 

27.  Dative  Singular. 

The  Termination  a  arises  from  a  pre-Greeh  contraction  of 
final  tt  of  the  Real  Stem  with  the  Case-ending  ei:  e.g.,  ;>(oapa  = 
;^a)/3a -f- 1  =  ;>^copa  +  ei.  But  at,  as  in  x^-fxaL,  forms  a  true  Loca- 
tive.^ Compare  as  follows,  x^P^-  '■  X"-!^^'-  •  •  '^'^'^V  '•  ^'-''^^ot.  The  Ter- 
'iuination  rj  is  only  a  modification  of  a.     See  14,  Remark. 

28.  Dative  Dual.     See  25. 

29.  Dative  Plural. 

The  Terminaiio7i  ats  arises  from  a  pre-GrecJc  contraction 
of  final  a  of  the  Real  Stem  with  the  Case-ending  eis  ;  or  is 
formed  as  the  Dative  Singular,  with  s  added  to  form  the  Plu- 
ral. The  Locative^  Plural  is  formed  by  adding  at  to  the 
Locative  Singular:  e.g.,  )(Oipai  ~\- at  ^=  x^paim ;  but  'x.tjypai'i  = 
X^pfji-  +  I?  =  x^P^  "^  ^^^-     S*-'^^  -^^^  Remark. 

^  The  original  force  of  the  ancient  Locative  has  disappeared  to  such 
a  degree  that  in  Greek  Syntax  the  Locative  is  treated  like  the  Dative. 
A  few  survive  :  x^^A"*''  ^"'  '^"'  grdund ;  oXkoi,  at  home.  See  also  Hadley 
&  Allen,  §  220.     Tlie  formation  of  those  Locatives  is  analogous. 


NOUN    INFLECTION.  Id 

The  0  Declension. 

30.  Nominative  Singular.     (M.  and  F.) 

The  Tennination  os  arises  from  an  addition  of  the  Case- 
ending  s  to  the  final  vowel  of  the  Real  Stein :  e.g.,  X6yo<i  = 
Xoyo  -f-  9. 

31.  Nominative  Singular.     (N.) 

Tlie  Termination  ov  arises  from  an  addition  of  the  Case- 
ending  V  to  the  final  vowel  of  the  Real  8teni :  e.g.,  6wpov  = 
Swpo  -[-  V. 

32.  Nominative  Dual. 

The  Termination  w  arises  from  a  prc-Greck  contraction  of 
the  modified  final  vowel  of  the  Real  Stem  with  the  Case- 
ending  e:  e.g.,  TTrTro)  =  ittttw -{- e.     See  14,  Remark. 

33.  Nominative  Plural.     (M.  and  F.) 

The  Termination  ot,  arising  from  the  union  of  the  final 
vowel  of  the  Real  Stem  with  the  Case-ending  t,  shows  no  trace 
of  final  s  (cf.  €s  in  ^vAa/c-es),  although  on  the  analogy  of  the 
Latin  we  should  infer  that  it  once  existed.  Possibly  this  for- 
mation is  analogous  to  that  of  tol,  the  old  form  of  the  Article. 
See  18. 

34.  Nominative  Plural.     (N.) 

The  Termination  a^  arises  from  a  modification  of  the  final 
vowel  of  the  Real  Stem  :  e.g.,  Scupa-,  =  Scopo-.  Here  there  is 
no  Case-ending. 

35.  Vocative  Singular.     (M.  and  F.) 

The  Termination  e  is  a  modification  of  the  final  vowel  of 
the  Real  Stem :  e.g.,  Ao'yc-  =  Xoyo-.  Here,  of  course,  there  is 
no  Case-ending.     But  note  the  Vocatives  ^eo5,  </)t/\o9,  ovto<;. 

1  "  The  o  of  the  Neuter  Plural  like  the  e  of  the  Vocative  is  obviously 
not  to  be  regarded  as  a  peculiar  ending,  but  as  the  final  letter  of  the 
Stem."  —  Curtius.  As  food  for  reflection,  moreover,  the  following  mor- 
sel in  the  form  of  comparison  is  offered  :  cu^aToiv :  dwpoii/ : :  dwpa ;  au>/xara. 


14  NOUN    INFLECTIOiN, 

36.  Vocative  Singular.     (N.)     Sec  31. 

37.  Vocative  Dual.     Sec  32. 

38.  Vocative  Plural.     See  33. 

39.  Accusative  Singular. 

The  Termination  ov  arises  from  an  addition  of  v,  the  Case- 
ending,  to  the  final  vowel  of  the  Beal  Stem:  e.g.,  Xoyov,  hoipov 
=  Xoyo  -J-  v,  Scopo  -\~  V. 

40.  Accusative  Dual.^     See  32. 

41.  Accusative  Plural.     (M:  and  F.) 

The  Ter7ni7iation  ovs  arises  from  the  addition  of  the  Case- 
ending  I/?  to  the  final  vowel  of  the  Beal  Stem.  When  "  v  " 
disappeared,  the  final  o  was  raised^  to  ov  in  compensation:  e.g., 
Xoyou?=  Aoyo-[- V9.       CJ.  \vov(Ti  for  Xvovfri. 

42.  Accusative  Plural.     (N.)     See  34. 

43.  Genitive  Singular. 

The  Termination  ov  arises  from  a  contraction  of  the  final 
vowel  of  the  Real  Stem,  with  the  Case-ending  o  (a-go,  to,  o) : 
e.g. ,  Xoyov  =  Xoyo  -\~  o  ;   6o)pov  =  Swpo  -j-  o. 

44.  Genitive  Dual. 

The  Termination  otv  arises  from  the  union  of  the  final 
vowel  of  the  Becd  Stem  with  the  Case-ending  iv  (<^tv)  :  e.g., 
Xoyoiv  =  Xoyo  -\-  iv. 

45.  Genitive  Plural. 

The  Termination  wv  arises  from  a  contraction  of  final  oof  the 
Real  Stem  with  the  Case-ending  wi/ :  e.g.,  X6y(iiv'=  Xoyo -{-mv. 
(See  14,  Remark.)  This  contraction  is  older  than  that  of  -awv 
but  hiter  than  that  of  x<^V^5,  G-.  S.  and  snch. 

1  See  5. 


NOUN    INFLECTION.  15 

46.  Dative  Singular, 

The  Termination  w  arises  from  a  pre-Greeh  contraction  of 
the  modified  final  vowel  of  the  Real  Stevi  with  the  Case-ending 
ei :  e.g.,  Ao'ya)^=  Aoyw -f  <•  =  Aoyto-f- 1'^-  This  modification  dis- 
tinguishes the  Dative  from  the  Locative.^  Cf.  olkol,  oIkoj. 
See  14,  Remark. 

47.  Dative  Dual.     Sec  44. 

48.  Dative  Plural. 

The  Termination  ois  arises  from  a  jve-G-rcek  contraction  of 
the  final  vowel  of  the  Heal  Stem  with  the  Case-ending  cis  : 
e.g.,  Aoyots  =  Aoyo  +  <■?  =  -^oyo  +  ^i-^-  Compare  46  and  2^  See 
14,  Remark. 

The  Consonant  Declension.     See  6. 

49.  Nominative  Singular.     (M.  and  F.) 

The  Case-ending  s  is  inherited  directly  from  the  Sanskrit, 
and  is  generally  regarded  as  representing  a  pronominal  root, 
sa  =  6  ;  sa  =  y  :    e.g.,  (^vXa^  :=  <^uXaK-s.     Cf.  Aoyo-?,  TToXiTrj-s. 

50.  Nominative  Singular.     (X.) 

There  is  no  Case-ending  in  Neuters,  the  Nominative  being 
the  same  as  the  Real  Stem:  e.g.,  o-a>/i,a  =  o-w/Aar.  Sometimes 
the  last  vowel  in  the  Real  Stem  is  modified,^  as  yeVos  =  y€ve?. 

51.  Nominative  Dual. 

The  Case-ending  is  inherited  through  the  Sanskrit  e:  e.g., 
<pvXaK-€. 

52.  Nominative  Plural.     (M.  and  F.) 

The  Case-ending  cs  is  from  the  Sanskrit  as:  e.g.,  cf>vXaK-eq. 

53.  Nominative  Plural.     (X.) 

The  Case-ending  a,  like  the  Sanskrit  I,  is  added  directly  to 
the  Reed  Stem  :  e.g.,  o-cu/xar-a. 

1  See  27  note.  -  See  5. 


16  NOUN    INFLECTION. 

54.  Vocative. 

The  Vocative  Singular  is  eitlier  the  same  as  the  Nom- 
inative or  like  the  Real  Sie7n.  (See  the  Grammar.)  The 
Vocative  Dual  and  Plural  are  each  like  the  Nominative 
respectively. 

55.  Accusative  Singular.     (M.  and  F.) 

Original  form,  am  for  consonant,  m  for  vowel  Stems.  In 
Greek,  av — the  final  v  being  dropped  ;  but  vowel  Stems  assume 
the  V.  Some  words  of  this  declension  form  the  Accusative  on 
the  basis  of  both  a  consonant  and  a  vowel  Stejn:  e.g.,  6pvi<s, 
opviOa  or  opvLv. 

56.  Accusative  Singular.     (N.)     See  50. 

57.  Accusative  Dual.     See  51. 

58.  Accusative  Plural.     (M.  and  F.) 

The  Case-ending  as  or  i/s  is  equivalent  to  a  or  i/,  the  Case- 
ending  of  the  Accusative  Singular  with  s  added  to  form  the 
Plural :  e.g.,  cfivXaK-as,  /So{}-[v]s. 

59.  Accusative  Plural.     (N.)     See  53. 

60.  Genitive  Singular. 

The  Case-ending  os,  sometimes  raised^  to  ws,  represents  the 
original  Sanskrit  as:  e.g.,  (f>vXaK-o<i,  ^aa-iXi-oys  (jj-os). 

61.  Genitive  Dual. 

The  Case-ending  olv  is  formed  by  analogy  from  the  Termi- 
nation oLv  of  o  Stems  of  the  0  declension  :   e.g.,  Trarep-oLv. 

62.  Genitive  Plural. 

The  Case-ending  wv,  the  «??^  of  Sanskrit,  is  added  directly 
to  the  Ileal  Stem:  e.g.,  cfjvXoLK-uiv. 

63.  Dative  Singular. 

Strictly  a  Locative.  The  Case-ending  t  is  added  to  the 
Real  Stem  :  e.g. ,  (fivkaK-t,  cf.  olkol. 

1  See  5. 


NOUN    INFLECTION.  17 

64.  Dative  Dual.     So:  61. 

65.  Dative  Plural. 

The  Case-ending  at  corresponding  to  the  Sanskrit  su  is 
merely  a  Locative  Plural :  e.g.,  (fivXa^t^  <f>vXaK-cn,  of.  ^uipaL-cri. 

Explanations  of  Certain  Consonant  Stems. 

66.  "  At  the  end  of  the  diphthongs,  the  soft  vowels  pass 
into  the  corresponding  spirant :  thus  vavos  becomes  vaf-6<; ; 
but  when  they  stand  alone,  they  develop  a  spirant  after  them 
which  adapts  itself  to  the  rules  of  the  Consonant  declension. 
Thus,  in  Sanskrit,  from  the  stem  bh'CL  (Nominative  bhUs, 
Earth)  we  have  the  Genitive  hhuvas.  By  analogy  we  should 
expect  in  Greek  avfo^,^  from  which  crvos  afterwards  arose.  In 
other  stems  in  v,  and  still  more  in  those  in  t,  the  formation  is 
very  variable.  With  some,  e.g.,  stem  kl,  Nominative  Kt-s,  we 
must  suppose  a  Genitive  kl-j-os,'  in  which  the  spirant  developed 
out  of  t  corresponds  exactly  to  the  f  in  the  case  previously 
mentioned.  In  other  stems  8  takes  the  place  of  Jod,^  Ipi-tpi- 
8-os.  But  that  this  8  must  be  regarded  as  a  sound  arising  out 
of  Jod  in  accordance  with  certain  distinct  analogies,  I  believe 
has  been  proved  in  '  Grundziige,'  583  if.  Other  stems,  again, 
in  t  and  v  undergo  extension.     The  u  arising  out  of  t  passes 

^  "  The  Greek  language  had  in  the  most  ancient  times  another  letter, 
f,  which  was  called  Digamma  (8170/1^10  =  "double  gamma")  from  its 
form  and  Vau  {pav)  from  its  pronunciation.  It  was  pronounced  like  the 
Latin  v.  fo7vos,  wine  =  Lat.  vinum.  At  a  later  time  it  was  written  only 
by  the  Aeolians  and  Dorians,     This  is  the  labial  spirant. 

^  "  The  spirant  Jod,  produced  by  breathing  over  the  palate  (the 
palatal  spirant)  has  not  come  down  to  us  in  any  Greek  dialect,  but  the 
existence  of  the  sound  at  one  time,  as  inferred  from  the  comparison  of 
kindred  languages,  is  one  of  the  most  important  facts  in  the  history  of 
the  language,  by  which  a  number  of  apparently  quite  different  processes 
receive  a  very  simple  explanation  [cf.  Grundziige,  511  flf.)." 


18  NOUN    INFLECTION. 

before  vowels  into  ej,  e.g.,  ttoXcj-os.  A  trace  of  this  Jod, 
which  must  be  dropped  in  obedience  to  the  phonetic  laws  of 
later  Greek,  is  retained  in  the  Homeric  Genitive  ttoAt^o?  and 
Attic  TToAeo)?.  For  Ebel  lias  shown  that  the  long  vowel  in 
both  forms  is  due  to  compensatory  lengthening  for  the  lost 
spirant.  In  the  same  way  acrrcaj?  points  to  acrrep-o^.  Else- 
where it  is  true  Jod  and  Vau^  dropped  out  without  any 
compensation,  and  hence  arose  the  apparent  but  deceptive 
existence  of  c  beside  t  or  v  as  the  final  letter  of  the  stem.  In 
reality  e  is  always  for  an  original  ej  or  e/T,  and  thus  these  stems 
are  shown  to  belong  to  the  Consonant  declension.  On  the 
other  hand,  in  the  formation  of  the  Accusative  of  masculine 
and  feminine,  the  true  vowel  nature  of  the  stems  declares 
itself,  TToXiv,  and  the  Vocative  Singular  also,  v/here  it  exists  as 
a  separate  form,  contains  the  pure  vowel  stem.  The  double 
nature  of  these  stems  is  therefore  now  clear." 

67.  "  The  Nominative  of  stems  (like  ■r]x^)^  i^i  inscriptions 
and  according  to  the  evidence  of  grammarians  had  secondary 
forms  in -o),  —  Ktjtw,  %aTr(^'Jo,  AVithout  question  this  form  is 
the  oldest,  and  at  the  first  glance  we  see  that  ^a-rrcfuo  is  the 
regular  Nominative  to  Vocative  Sa7r</)ot,  to  which  it  bears 
exactly  the  same  relation  as  Sat/xtui/  to  Sat/xoi/.  Ahrens  assumes 
OL  as  the  primary  ending  of  these  stems  :  we  shall  have  to  go 
a  step  farther.  From  evidence  of  certain  Mss.  of  Herodotus, 
it  will  not  be  too  rash  to  refer  our  feminines  in  -o  to  -oft,  as 
we  know  that  masculines  in  -w  sprang  from  -of." 

Here  Trarpw?  =  Trarpof-?.  The  Genitive  is  written  thus  : 
7raTpto-[/^]-o5. 

"  In  this  Nominative  in  -w  two  remarkable  facts  are  to  be 
noticed  :  (1)  the  want  of  s  as  the  sign  of  the  Nominative,  and 
(2)  the  lengthening  of  the  vowel  from  o  to  a>.  .  .  .  The  length- 
ening, it  is  true,  cannot  be  explained,  as  I  used  to  think,  by 


^  See  Note  i  on  previous  page. 


NOUN    INFLECTION.  19 

the  analogy  of  8at/xwi/  and  Salfxov,  for  8ttt/xa)v  stands  for  Sat/tovs. 
But  the  analogy  of  such  forms  may  have  been  influential  in 
causing  the  lengthening  due  to  the  dropped  f  to  be  adopted 
in  the  Nominative  but  rejected  in  the  Vocative." 

"  Between  two  vowels  the  i,  like  v,  passed  in  the  diphthong 
stems  primarily  into  the  corresponding  spirant  until  at  length 
it  also  became  utterly  lost.  In  these,  as  in  other  similar 
changes,  we  must  assume  that  they  did  not  all  take  place  at 
once,  but  gradually,  one  after  another."     See  66. 

Thus,  G.  S.  -^x^^^  =  w'[f][0"[.7]"O^-  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^ss  only,  the 
uncontracted  is  written  beneath  the  contracted  form,  to  avoid 
confusion  of  lines. 

68.  yepas,  Neuters. 

"  The  stems  with  movable  r,  few  in  number,  are  best  ex- 
plained on  the  hypothesis  that  language  has  here  been  led  to 
waver  between  two  stems,  one  short  and  the  other  lengthened 
by  the  addition  of  r.  Accurately  speaking,  there  has  been 
no  rejection  of  r.  But  there  w^ere  two  stems,  e.(/.,  /cepas  and 
Kepar,  standing  side  by  side,  and  each  having  the  same  sound 
in  the  Nominative.  From  each  cases  were  formed  which 
continued  to  remain  in  use  side  by  side." 

69.  iraTpacn.     For  Trarpeai,  metathesized  form  for  Trare/jo-t. 

70.  Compared  with  66,  we  find  here  one  of  the  cases 
referred  to  in  the  words,  "  Elsewhere  it  is  true  Jod  and  Vau 
dropped  out  without  any  compensation." 

71.  'Several  Neuter  stems  in  apr,  as  (fyprnpr,  reject  r  in  N. 
A.  V.  Singular,  and  p  in  the  other  cases.'  Compare  the  San- 
skrit jakri  with  jakart  synonymous  with  the  Greek  rjirap. 
Compare  further,  Homeric  irorl  with  irporL 

72.  y-Stems  and  Hard  Combinations, 

In  v-Stems  sometimes  the  -v,  sometimes  -5  (of  the  Nomina- 
tive Singular),  is  lost,  the  final  vowel  of  Stem  when  originally 


20  NOUN    INFLECTION. 

short  being  lengthened  in  compensation:  e.(j.,  TdXd<s  (raXav-), 
aiiov  (atcoj/-),  <f>pr]v  (cjip€v-),  kt€ls  (^kt€v-)  ;  sometimes  both  forms 
are  found,  that  in  -s  being  the  older:  e.g.,  SeA^t?  or  -^tV; 
rarely  the  old  form  is  retained  in  full  :  c.<j.,  eX/juvs,  Wptv?. 

"  The  intention  of  language  was  everywhere  the  same:  viz., 
to  add  -s  to  the  stem.  Only  in  cases  where  the  addition  gives 
rise  to  too  hard  a  combination  of  sounds,  this  intention  gives 
way  to  euphony.  Even  then,  language  was  intent  upon  dis- 
tinguishing the  Nominative  from  the  stem.  The  lengthening 
which  takes  place  in  the  formation  without  sigma  (e.g.,  from 
Trarep  to  Trarrjp,  from  Sat/xov  to  haCfxwv)  is  manifestly  due  to  the 
desire  for  compensation.  Comparative  grammarians  therefore 
very  properly  assume  as  the  original  forms,  Trarep-s,  Sat/xov-s, 
o-a06cr-s.  But  for  Greek  school-grammar  the  two  methods  of 
forming  the  Nominative  —  ttoljxtJv  from  stem  irotjjiev-,  and  el-s 

from  stem  iv must  be  carefully  distinguished.     In  cases 

where  the  addition  of  the  sigma  causes  difficulties,  there  are 
evidently  before  us  two  periods  in  the  history  of  language 
which  must  be  chronologically  distinguished.  At  a  very  early 
period  in  the  life  of  language  the  combinations  rs  and  ss  were 
felt  to  be  distasteful.  It  is  possible  that  at  a  time  anterior  to 
the  separate  existence  of  Greek,  the  older  termination  -ais 
became  -dr,  -ass  became  -As,  while  in  the  other  case-forms  the 
short  vowel  remained  unaltered.  From  this  ancient  condition 
of  language  the  Greek  borrowed  the  long  vowel  in  TraTrjp, 
p^Twp,  o-a</)7/?,  atSws  (stem,  aiSoa-).  In  the  same  way  the  com- 
bination ns  began  at  a  very  early  period  to  be  objectionable, 
and  therefore  the  sibilant  was  dropped  in  many  cases,  espe- 
cially when  the  stem  ended  in  -7i  only.  Thus  -cms  became 
-an,  and  the  Greek  -01/9,  -wi/.  On  the  other  hand,  other  com- 
binations of  sounds  were  retained  much  longer,  especially  ns, 
when  a  t  had  fallen  out  after  the  n.  For  the  same  reason, 
forms  like  TiOiv-<s  were  long  retained  in  Greek  ground ;  from 
this  at  a  comparatively  recent  date  came  rt^ets  by  the  usual 


NOUN    INFLECTION.  21 

compensatory  lengthening,  from  oSovrs,  oSov's.  It  cannot  be 
denied  language  was  inconsistent.  In  the  formation  of  par- 
ticiples we  must  assume  an  early  variation,  by  which,  in  the 
conjugation  with  the  connecting  vowel, ^  the  lengthening  of 
the  stem-vowel  replaced  the  sigma.  In  the  conjugation  with- 
out the  connecting  vowel,  on  the  other  hand,  the  form  with 
the  sigma  remained." 

73.  The  difference  between  -xapUo-t  and  nOeia-i  is  explained 
by  the  fact  that  the  adjectives  from  an  early  period  had  forms 
in  -€T,  i.e.,  in  -ftr,  existing  side  by  side  with  the  Stems  in  -€vt, 
originally  -p^vr.  For  the  same  reason  the  feminine  of  xapUi<i 
is  ;(ap6Wcra,  that  is,  )(apL-f€T2/a  (Skt.  -vail  =  -vatya),  in  dis- 
tinction from  TtOeLaa  (for  TiOevT-i/a,  TtBevT-aa).  Compare  this 
with  XeXvKvla  (for  XeXvK-vcri/cL,  Skt.  -vasyd)  ;  also  in  the  Perfect 
Active  Participle  two  Stems  existed  side  by  side,  -or  (-vat)  ; 
-V  (-va,  -vds).     See  146. 

74.  ^eXriova  ySeArto).  This  class  contains  scarcely  any  other 
than  the  comparative  Stems  in  which  the  -lov  has  arisen  out 
of  the  Sanskrit  -ians.  Probably  in  Greek  certain  case-forms 
in  -?  remaining  current  (e.g.,  yScArtovo-a),  afterwards  lost  their 
V,  giving  jS^Xrioaa.  Such  forms,  at  a  somewhat  later  period  of 
the  language,  naturally  rejected  s:  compare  atSocra,  ai8o-a, 
ai8^.     See  143. 

Comparatives  in  -toiv  admit  the  shorter  form  in  the  Accusa- 
tive Singular  Masculine  and  in  the  Nominative,  Vocative,  and 
Accusative  Plural.     Positives  in  -(ov  do  not. 

^  Or  Variable  vowel. 


22  noun  inflection. 

Classified  Lists. 

The  A  Declension. 

Note,  All  .Real  Slevis  end  in  a,  and  are  classified  Ly  the 
Terviinafion  of  the  Nominative  Singular. 

75.  Termination  -a. 

^ K^XdfBeia,  a<yeveia,  ayKvpa,  a'yvoLa,  dyptfJieXLcrcra,  aeXXa, 
Klfylva,  akrjOeia,  dfJueXeia,  dpfidfJia^a,  ^orjOeta,  ydyypacva, 
yelraiva,  yeviratpa,  yecpvpa,  yXcocrcra,  Siacra,  So^a,  iyKpd- 
T6ia,  evvoLa,  evae/Beta,  Oepdiraiva,  fjud^acpa,  /jLepifiva,  Me- 
(TTTtXa,  WrjSeta,  Trelva,  irpovoia,  pc^a,  a^alpa,  rpdire^a^ 
^(^ifiaipa,  —  and  many  others. 

76.  Termination  -a. 

^Ayopd,  ciypa,  dSiKLa,  /Sa/crijpia,  /Sea,  yeoDpyia,  BovXeia, 
Svarv^ia,  eKKXrjo-La,  iXevOepca,  eiriOvjjLLa,  liriopKia,  epya- 
ala,  iprjfiLa,  ecrirepa,  evSatfiovLa,  evfcocr/iiLa,  e-^Opa,  ^rj/jLta, 
7)/jL€pa,  r)au'^La,  6ed,  Oupa,  Ovala,  ^Icovla,  KaKia,  Kaphia, 
K^iXtKia,  KOLvwvla,  XaXia,  Xela,  XrjcrreLa,  AvSia,  Xvpa, 
fiavreia,  fiiadoipopd,  vevpd^  ovpd,  iraiSeia,  iravovpyla^ 
TrapoLfjbLa,  irXevpd^  ll^LKeXla,  cf)iXofi7]Xa,  ')(^apdSpa,  oypa^  — 
and  many  others. 

77.  Termination  -77. 

^KyiXri,  dheX^rj^  alcr^vvr},  ^Avrcyovy],  /SXd^T},  /Sorj,  /3ov- 
Xt],  yvco/XT],  hairdvrj,  BeiXr),  SLa/3oX7],  BiKaioavvrj,  Slkt}, 
hvcrpbr]^  elpy^vT),  elcr^oX^],  ivToXi],  iiri^ovXi],  eV^o'T^/Lfc?;,  ^co- 
VTj,  rjBov7],  %pcLKrj,  IXrj,  /cdpcf)?],  Kopvcpyj,  Kpavyi],  KpiO)], 
Xrjdr),  Ac/BiiT],  Xi/jLV7],  X6y)(^y],  Xvttt],  /jueXivr],  vdirrj,  vecpiXr], 
Nco^T],  vo/jL)],  opy/],  6p/jb7],  STrdprrf,  —  and  many  others. 

78.  Termination  -rj<?. 

AOXrjTr]!^,   dKLvdKr]<i,   uKpodrr]'^,   WpTa^ep^7}<^,  W.praird- 
T7]<;,   yvp,v7]T7]<;,   htKaaTi]<^,   edeXovTr]^;,   epaarrjfi,    evepyerrji;, 


NOUN    INFLECTION.  23 

€up€T7]<;,  0€aT7j<;,  6r)p6UTr]<;,  ISlcot7]<;,  //cer?/?,  fcpirr]<;,  Kv/Bep- 
vr)Tri<;,  KCOfidp'^T]'^,  /cft)/x?;T?7?,  XTjart]'^,  yiiOpiSdrTji;,  ^liXrid- 
S779,  vavT7]<^,  olKerrj^,  'O/aecrr?/?,  6p^7]aT)]<^,  iraihorpi^r)^, 
irapacrd'yyT]'^,  7roL7]Trj<^,  7rpoB6rr)<^,  (raXTrcy/CTrji;,  ao<pi(TTr]<;, 
r€^vtrr)(;,  VTrrjperr]^;,  '^opevrrji;,  -y^evarrj^i,  — and  many  others. 

79.  Termination  -a?. 

Alvelai;^  dirapKrla^;,  dpTVva<^,  d(Tr€pLa<^,  ^va<^,  hpofjbla^, 
6KV6^ia<^,  iTTTTOcroa^,  iipLria<;,  A6a)VLBa<;,  /JLrjrpaXoLa'^, 
MiSa?,    veavia^,    OTria^,    6pviOLa<^,  'Opoz^ro.?,    ITafcraz/ta?, 

irvppiaf;,  —  and  others. 

Compared  with  those  in  -77?,  common  nouns  in  -a?  are  rare 
in  Attic  Greek.  There  are  about  ninety  (90)  in  the  Lexicon, 
inchiding  several  poetic  and  Doric  forms  and  many  from 
post-classical  writers.  Proper  ^  nouns  in  -a?  present  a  fair 
proportion  to  those  in  -rj<;. 

80.  Contracts  in  -f/.- 

'ASeX</)tS>},  aKTYj,  d/jLvySaXf],  dveylriaSr],  dvOpwrrrj^  dpKrrj, 
SlttXT],  i-^iVTj,  OvyarpoSi],  l^aXf],  Kvvrj,  kcoXP]^  XeovTrj,  Xvkti, 
fivyaXi],  ve^prj^  rraphaXr),  poSf],  aTjcrafirj,  (j^aKi},  yaXicr},  — 
and  a  few  others. 

81.  Contracts  in  -a?,  -^9.^ 

^h.TTaya<i  (?),  Bop/aa?,  0aX?]9,  —  and  possibly  a  few 
others. 

The  0  Declension. 
Classified  by  the  Termination  of  the  Nominative  Singular. 

82.  Termination  -09.^ 

\ypo<;,   dero^i,   dOXo^;,   alvo<^,   dfJL'TreXo<;,    dvefio^;,    doi,So<;, 
dpyvpo<;,  dptd/jLO<;,  dpKro<;,  dpTO<^,  dcTKo*^,  ci(7(f>aXro<;,  ^dXa- 

^  See  Preface,  p.  v.  foot-note.  ^  See  8,  foot-note. 

^  There  are  about  seventy  (70)  varieties  of  Stems  of  common  nouns 
of  the  Feminine  Gender. 


24  NOUN    INFLECTION. 

vo^,  pdcravo^,  ^l^Xo^;,  ^lko<;,  /3io<;,  <ydfJLo<;,  yipavof;,  Sapec- 
k6<;,  8ecryLt09,  Srj/JL0<;,  8tSacr/coXo9,  eXac^o?,  ivtavTOf;,  iiriaLTL- 
afJbo^,  eTaLpo<^,  6<f)oBo<y,  77X^09,  r)vioxo<if  ^%o*>>  Orjaavpo^;, 
06pv^o<;,  6v/jl6<;,  Kapiro^;,  Kary^yopo^;,  Kovtopro^,  /cpoKoBecXof;, 
Mt]So<;,  MtX?7T09,  fjb6\v^Bo<;,  Mi^cro?,  NetXo?,  ''OyLtT/po?, 
TrXoOro?,  %dfio^,  ^drupof;,  —  and  many  others. 

83.  Termination  -ov. 

'A/<:poaT7]pLop,  dvrpov,  ^A^irielovy  Apdreiov,  dpLcrrov, 
dporpov,  dcrrpov,  ^l^Xlov,  <yeppov,  hdKpvov,  helirvovy  Bev- 
Bpov,  eXaiov,  epyop,  epfiaiov,  ^(pov,  rj/jLL-SapeiKov,  Oearpov, 
Ojjplov,  K€voTd<f)Lov,  /jLETaXXov,  puerpov,  OpOoTrayov,  opLov, 
iraXrov,  irXeOpov,  irpo/Sarov,  irrepov,  poBov,  aKijirrpov, 
(T/cvXov,  cnrdprov,  o-rdBiov  (Plural  also  -ot),  aripvov,  a<pd- 
yiov,  Tep/xeptov,  —  and  others. 

84.  Termination  -ojg. 

"A^ft)?,  dXco<;,^  ^A/x(f)tdpe(o<;,  Bptapeoj?,  ydXco<;,^  KdXax;, 
KavOdpewq,  XayoL><=;,  Xedi^,  MtW?,^  TpLfiv(o<;,  Tvv8dp6co<i, 
TV(j)(t)(;,  Tv(j)(o<;,^  (/)t/5ttXe&)9,  </)Xea)9,  —  and  a  few  others. 
Neuters  are  very  rare :    ^pecov. 

The  Attic  declension  has  the  same  Case-endings  (except 
Vocative  Singular,  M.  and  F.)  as  the  0  declension,  but  with 
final  o  of  the  Heal  Stem  raised  to  w  throughout.  "  The  pecu- 
liar accentuation  of  the  Attic  declension  is  evidently  owing 
to  the  fact  that  these  Ste7ns  originally  ended  in  -do.  From 
that  time  onwards,  in  spite  of  the  change  of  quantity,  the 
acute  continued  frequently  to  be  placed  on  the  antepenult : 
e.g.,  Meve'Aaos,  McveAco)?.  Compare  also  the  Attic  ttoAcw?  with 
the  Homeric  ttoAt/o?." 

^  Also  of  the  Consonant  declension. 
'^  Contraction  lias  taken  place  here. 
^  See  8,  foot-note. 


NOLN    INFLECTION.  25 

85.    Contracts  in  -oC?.^ 

The  following  occur  chiefly  in  compounds  :  'XBeXcfyiSoix;, 
avdirXovfi,  avdppov^,  dvey^iahov'^,  rj/jbc^pvaov^;,  dpov^,  6uya- 
TpLBov<;,  Kvov<;,  fivov'^,  TT/ao^ou?  (D.  P.  Trpo-^oiai),  pov^, 
croO?,  vlSov^,  <f>\ov<;,  ^d\Kov<i^  ')(\ov<iy  'xyov^,  ^oO?,  —  and 
a  few  others.     Neuters  are  very  rare  :  Kavoitv. 

The  Consonant  Declension. 
Classified  by  the  Termination  of  the  Genitive  Singular. 

87.  Termination  -ko^,  like  ^vXa^. 

"AXo^,  dvOepi^,  yXav^,  eVtre^,  ^pa^,  KTjpv^,  }s.lXi^, 
KoXa^,  Kopa^,  Xvy^,  /jLvpfir]^,  TripBi^,  crdp^,  —  and  many 
others. 

88.  Termination  -/8os,  like  c^Xi^. 

'AXoTpt^lr,  "Apayjr,  d'^vporpL^,  XljSa,'^  XLyjr,^  olKorpi'^y 
^dy\r,  XaXf-v/r,  '^epviy^r,  —  and  possibly  a  few  others. 

89.  Termination  -tto?,  Hke  yv^. 

TXavfCcoyjr,  ypvy^,  Spvo^jr,  eTrc^,  rjXL-y^,  ^plyjr,  OvjidXcoy^r, 
Ody-^j  i'-v/r,  KXdyyjr,  KdiXrjy^,  XaLXayjr,  —  and  many  others. 

90.  Termination  -yo?,  like  adX-Tnyi. 

Ataacpd^,  eTrrfXv^,  Odyfitj^,  ^Idirv^,  IXiy^,  kokkv^,  oprv^, 
(TTpdy^,  (pdXay^,  (jiopfity^,  ^pv^,  —  and  many  others. 

91.  Termination -TO?,  like  AeW. 

'  Akcov,  dp^cov,  A-^epcov,  SpdKcov,  Oepdircov,  Kvd)Scov^  /xe- 
S(t)v,  UvpKpXeyeOcov,  revcov,  (f)€vya)v,  —  and  some  others. 

^  See  8,  foot-note.  ^  See  the  Lexicon.  ^  warTjA^  has  -(pos. 


26  NOUN    INFLECTION. 

92.  Termination  -To<i,  like  ytyas. 

'ASayLta?,  aWa?,  dvBpidi;,  eXe^a?,  ///-a?,  KaX^a?,  kiWl- 
/3ci9,  Kopu/Sdi;,  MiyLta?,  Tapa?,  —  and  some  others. 

93.  Termination  -So?,  like  XajXTraq. 

^ApKci^;,  <yv/jivd(;,  hetpd<^,  EXXa?,  jjLvpLd<;,  vo/xd^,  payd^;, 
G-Ktd^,  cnri\d<;,  cm/Sdi;,  cjyvyd'^,  —  and  many  others. 

94.  Termination  -So?,  like  eATrt?. 

"Apreyu-t?,  daiTL<;,  epc'^,  KprjirU,  irayl'^,  Trar/a/?,  7rvpapd<;, 
arXeyyi^,  ^daL<;,  (f)povTL<i,  —  and  many  others. 

95.  Termination  -0o<5,  like  opvis-. 

"AyK\c^  (oi^ly  ii^  Plural),  dyvvOe^  (only  in  Plural), 
dypiopviOe^  (Plural),  yeXyt^  (Plural  ^yeX^ei?),  eX/xt^'?,  Kara- 
KkoiOe'^  (Plural),  KXw^e?  (Plural),  Kopv^,  k(o/jlv<^,  iMepfit^f 
Hdpvr)^,  Trecptv^,  —  and  possibly  a  few  others. 

96.  Termination  -vo?,  like  Troi/xrjj/. 

^ABrjv  or  'AStJz;,  dparjv,  dTfJLrjv,  dvTfiTjv,  av'^rfv,  elprjv  or 
Iprjv,  XifJirjv,  7rv6fit]v,  'Tfirji/,  v/jL7]v,  ^p^jp,  —  and  some 
others. 

97.  Termination  -vos,  like  aituv. 

^Ayctiv,  d/jL7r€\(ov,  dvhpoov,  ^a^vXayv,  Xetficov,  M.€i^a)v, 
MtXwv,  Haaiojv,  p^et/xwz^,  x'^'^^^>  —  ^^^^  many  others. 

98.  Termination  -i/os,  like  r/ye/xwr. 

' AXyrjScov,  dXcKrpvojv,  haLrvfJiMV,  'Hi'ooz^,  Ovpcov,  kupcov, 
Kap^TjScov,  KrjSefMcov,  ^ddyv,  —  and  many  others. 

99.  Termination  -vo?,  like  Sat/xwv. 

TeiTCov,  yvdijjiwv,  SiSv/xdcov,  t)t(Dv,  i^fKou,  t-^vev/Kov,  '  Icov, 
KaSfxelcov,  Kauacov,  M.€/jlv(op,  reKTCov,  —  and  others. 


NOUN    INFLECTION.  'Z  I 

100.  Termination  -po<i,  like  fWjTiop. 

*'AKTCop,  BcKicop,  htcLKTwp,  Sopi/jL7]arcop,  Sov7r7]T(op,  eira- 
/jLVPTcop,  iiripr]Twp,  €7ri^(OT(op,  evpr)Twp,  —  and  many  others. 

101.  Termination  -To<i,  like  ^/;?. 

To?;?,  <yv/jivt]<;,  i/JLjSXj]^,  iaOtj^;,  Kpyj^,  XafiTrporrj^;,  veorrj^, 
irev-q^;,  Trio-roTTji;,  Tlyprji;,  —  and  many  others. 

102.  Termination  -Aos,  like  aXs. 

This  stands  alone  :   (6)  aX?,  salt ;   (rj)  aX?,  sea. 

103.  Termination  -po^,  like  O^p. 

Tvcoarijp,  yofi(j)0)T)]p,  ypaTrrijp,  h6KTi]p,  SrjXrjryjp,  StoTrrijpf 
S/i7jT7]p,  SoT7]p,  hp7](TTi]p,  KpaT7]p,  —  and  many  others. 

104.  Termination  -ro?,  like  pU.     Sec  72. 

^AktU,  yXco^U,  SeXcjiU,  epfiU,  6U,  U,  irTjpiv  or  TTTjpU, 
Xa\a/iU,  TeX'xtv,  (o8U,  —  and  a  few  others.  The  form  in 
-9  is  older  than  that  in  -v.  Most  of  the  above  have  two 
forms  in  the  Nominative :  e.g.,  yXco-^U  or  -tv. 

105.  Termination  -tos,  like  aQ)fxa. 

'A/j,dpT7]fia,  ypafjifia,  Sepfia,  Bpa/xa,  6v6v/ii]/j,a,  Oavfjia, 
KT7]/jLa,  6vo/ia,  7roL7}fj,a,  aravpco/ia,  ')(^aKK(o/jLa,  —  and  many 
others. 

106.  Termination  -to<;,  like  -epa?.     See  68. 

"AXa?  (rarely),  8epa9,  oireaq,  repa^;,  —  and  possil)ly  a 
few  others. 

107.  Termination  -to<;,  like  y-ap.     See  71. 

"AXeicfyap,  BeXeap,  elhap,  rjfj.ap,  oveiap,  ovOap,  irelpap, 
irvap,  aKO)p}  areap,  vhcop}  vcfyeap,  cf)peap,  —  and  a  few 
others. 

But  Bci/jiap  (?;),  Kvap  (6). 

^  See  the  Lexicon. 


28  NOUN    INFLECTION. 

108.  Termination  -[o-Jo?,  like  Tpu'ipr]^. 

A  few  adjectives  in  -rjpv^y  sometimes  used  substantively 
like  the  above  :  e.g.,  SujpT]^.  Substantives  in  -779  of  this 
class  are  chiefly  proper  names  :  e.g.,  A?;/^ocr^6V^9. 

109.  Termination  -[o-]os,  like  yeVo?. 

AI(T^09,  /Sdpo^i,  Wvo^,  eT09,  ^€vyo<;,  6aXiTo<^,  t'^vo<i,  kXco^, 
Kparot;,  \d'^o<;,  TreXayoi;,  —  and  many  others. 

A  few  neuter  substantives  are  formed  in  -69,  of  which 
the  following  are  declinable :  e.g.,  'H/xe/)o/caXXe9,  Itttto- 
<^ae^  (also  -6(^9),  ^^vvoaapfye^,  6i>o^€iXe^,  irevTaTrerei;. 
Others  occur,  indeclinable. 

110.  Termination  -[or]o9,  like  liepiKXrjq. 

'Et60/cX7}9,  ^vpvKKri<^,  'mpaKkT]'^,  @e/jLtcrT0KX7]<i,  So(f)o- 
a:X^9,  —  and  other  proper  names. 

111.  Termination  -[^;]oj?,  like  ttoAi?.     See  66. 
'Am/3<x<rt9,  3t&)^fc9,  3ucrt9,  KpicrL<^,  KTrjai<^,  /Jbavrtf;,  oacfypr)- 

crt9,    0(/)i9,    %dp86t<^    (Plural),   raf t9,    vj3pi^,    (f)vai<;,  —  and 
many  others. 

112.  Termination  -[;;]to?,  like  Trrjxvi'     See  66. 
7re\6Kv<i,  TTpea-jSv^i,^ —  and  possibly  a  few  others. 

113.  Termination  -[fjws,  like  aa-Tv.     See  66. 

TTWf,  and  a  few^  adjectives  used  substantively  :  e.g.,  Saav. 

114.  Termination  -[f]os,  like  lxOu<i.     See  66. 

BoT/3L'9,  ypaiTTVi;,  6prjvv<^,  t^u9,  /Xu9,  l^v^,  icr')(y<^,  trv<i, 
Aiy8L'9,  /jLvptoarv'i,  /xu9,  —  and  many  others. 

'    Ser  tli(;  Lexicon. 


NOUN    INFLECTION.  29 

115.  Termination  -[fjw?,  like  ^ao-tAeu's.     See  66. 

Vovev<^,  YpayLt/Ltareu?,  7/?a^ei/?,  ^piire\}<^^  h€Ka8ev<;,  Bova- 
/ceu?,  Spofiev^,  €p/jL7jv€v<;,  Srjaeu^,  iTTirev'^,  —  and  many  others. 

116.  Termination  -[;]o9,  like  7jx<^).     See  67. 

Apyo),  Kparco,  lv(o,  I&),  KepBo),  kvvco,  Xtjkco,  Atjt(o, 
UeLOo),  irevOo},  ^air<^(£>,  cnvSco,  (fyeiSoo,  —  and  others. 

117.  Termination  -[f]os,  like  ypux;.     Ser  67. 

A/XW9,  ereoS/jLco^;,  6(o<;,  /jLijrpco^,^  MtVft)?,^  irdrpwi;,^  Tpco^, 

—  and  a  few  others.    For  alSco^,  77^9,  Termination  -[crjo?, 
see  the  Lexicon. 

118.  Termination  -[(t]o^  ;  -[rjos,  like  yepas.     See  68. 

—  and  possibly  a  few  others.     The  long  form  is  sometimes 
retained  in  other  cases. 

119.  For  Syncopated  nouns,  see  the  Grammar. 

120.  For  the  more  common  irregular  nouns,  see  the 
Grammar. 

121.  Termination  -vo^,  hke  Tirav. 

'ASetyaz/e?  (Plural),  Bpaxp^dv,  'lap,  fM€yio-rdve<;  (Plural), 
vedu,  Haidv,  Udp,  Trap,  TreXeKdv,  —  and  a  few  others. 

122.  Termination  -ro^,  like  "EWrjv. 

Aodc7]v,  K6(j)aX\y]v,  Xec^^vv,  Trvpyjv,  pi)v,  Seipt'jv,  cnrXTjv, 
(T(f)y]v,  (tcoXtjv,  ^rjv  (;)^eW9,  A.  P.),  t/t^/i/,  —  and  many  others. 

123.  Termination  -pos,  hke  paKap. 

'A?7p,2  al6y)pr'  apxccfxt^p,  Oeopiaprv^,'^  Kalaap,  Kdp, 
^VP  in)*  P'dpTVi;,^  dap  (?;),  yjrdp,  —  and  others.  Also, 
aiTOcfycop,    KeXcop,   cf)d}p. 


^  In  Singular  also  of  the  Attic  0  declension  ;    only  of  Consonant 
declension  in  Plural.  2  See  the  Lexicon. 


30  NOUN    INFLECTION, 

124.  Termination  -ro'i,  like  cpojs. 

^AvTep(o<^,  eiXo)?,  evpoi'^,  ISpcoi;,   Kparv^poi^,   irXca^,   (f)(t)^, 
XP^'^y  —  '^^^*-^  '^  i'^w  others. 

125.  Termination  -So?,  like  Sayi)?. 

'E/xi;?  or  'Eyu-i;?,  TryXa/jLv^i,  xXa/jiv<;,  —  and  a  few  others. 

126.  Termination  -xo?,  like  Scwpv^. 

rXft>;^e9    (Plural),   Opi^   (for  rpl^),  art^,  yjrl^,  —  and  a 

few  others. 

127.  Mixed  Terminations. 

ava^-KTO<i,  68ov<;-6vTO<;,  vv^-kto^;, 

KarrjXi'y^-^O'^,       7rov<^,  ttoSov,  ^opKVv-vo'^, 
fioacrvv-vvo^y         cr/jLcoSL^-L'yyoi;, 

o-?79,  aeo<;  (rarely) ;  Plural  (T))r€<i. 

128.  Termination,  -[  ;]o9  like  S^pts.     Sec  66. 

"AXTt9,     ^'^^9,     yvL's,     Ka\d(TTpL<^,    KL'i,    op^L<i,    adyapi^;, 
^vivv€cn<i,  Tvpat^,  —  and  others. 

129.  Termination  -[  ;]o9,  like  a-ivdin  (1) ;  Termination  -[jjws, 

like   ireTrepL  (2). 

"A/jL/jLi  (2),  jBeppepi  (1),  Ktvvd^apc  (2),  kvcj^o  (1  and  2), 
arifjL/jLt  or  o-rt/xt  (1,  2,  and  -So?),  — and  a  few  others. 

A.  MeXt  has  -to<;. 

B.  Indeclinable  are  aKapi,  d\(j)i,  (SXlrvpi,  KopLfii^  kovkl, 
Kpl,  rdyvpt. 

C.  A  few  adjectives  in  -l  are  used  substantively  :  e.g., 
eveXTTi,  -So?,  eV/^apf,  -to<;. 

130.  Termination  -[f]o?,  like  (SpaOu. 

MeOv,  /jLLcrv  [also  -[f]*^?],  i^aTrf,  —  and  a  few  others. 


NOUN    INFLECTION.  31 

131.  Termination  -pos,  like  viKxap. 

ElXap,  oTTLcrdevapy  crKivap,  r/p,^  fcijp,^  —  and  a  few 
others. 

A.  Indeclinable  are  deXKap,  \M(f)ap,  irlap,  crv(f)ap,  cfydp. 

B.  Indeclinable  are  XeVa?,  cre/3a9. 

C.^  "Aop  for  aop,  -po<^),  ^pera'^,  yrop,  /cwas%  ov8a<^,  ol*?, 
7re\a<;,  jreXcop,  (TTal<i,  (f)do<;. 

Adjectives  of  the  Vowel  Declensio7i. 
Classified  by  the  Termination  of  the  is  ominative  Singular. 

132.  Termination  -os,  -rj,  -or,  Like  (Tocf)6<;. 

WyaTnjTO^;,  dyv6<;,  evSoLaaro^i,  epij/xos,  depfio^;,  Oripevn- 
k6<^,  OpvTTTLKo^;,  6jjl6<;,  cr6[jbv6<=;,  (Tirep')(y6(;,  —  and  many 
others. 

133.  Termination  -09,  -u,  -ov,  like  a^to?. 

"A^Xto?,  dKpo<=;,  e\€v6epo<;,  evavTio<;,  ipvOpo^^  eT€po<;, 
Lep6<^,  Kaprepo'^,  fiLvvp6<;,  —  and  many  others. 

134.  Termination  -os,  -ov,  like  dSr}Xo<i. 

"Az/Ttro?,  dvTL(f)ovo<i,  dvTLyln](f)o<;,  dopvo<^,  €KKaLpo<;,  eKKpt- 
T0(;,  ivhvixa')(o^,  Oijpto/jid^o^,  Ldcn/jLo<;,  —  and  many  others.^ 

135.  Termination  -cos,  -mv,  like  lAcoj?. 

"E/c7rXeQJ9,  evveto^,  /jLecr6j€co<^,  other  compounds  of  the 
same,  —  and  a  few  others. 

^  See  the  Lexicon. 

'^  Numerically  the  largest  class,  although  not  so  frequently  used  in 
Attic  Greek  as  adjectives  of  three  Terminations. 


32  KOUN    INFLECTION. 

136.  Termination  -o$,  -a,  -ov,  like  xpv(Tov<;^  -rj,  -ovv.^ 
^^piveo^i  Kvdv€o<^,  Xiveo^,  vaXeo'^;,  (f)otvLfC€0'i,  ^aX/ceo?,  — 

and  a  few  others.     Those   in  -Xeo?  remain  iincontracted 
except  vdXeo^  above. 

137.  Termination  -os,  -a,  -ov,  like  dpyupou?,  -a,  -ovv.^ 
'Epeeo?,  Kepa/ji€ou<>,  irop^vpeo<^,  aihr'jpeo'^;,  ravpeo^;,  —  and 

a  few  others. 

138.  Termination  -05,  ->?,  -ov,  like  d7rAoi)s,  -rj,  -ovv} 
'E^airXoo'^,  iroXkaifKoo^,  chiefly  compounds  of  -irXoo^, 

—  and  possibly  a  few  others. 

139.  Termination  -09,  -ov,  like  aTrXous,  -ow.^ 

"Atti'OO?,  cLTToppoo'^,  dpriOpoo<^,  ^a6v^poo<;,  Sopv^oo<^, 
€V)(Xoo^,  —  many  compounds  of  these  Stems,  and  possibly 
a  few  others. 

140.  Termination  -ws,  -mv,  like  dyT^pois,  -mv. 
'Ae/i^o)?,  €v<y7]pco'^,  6V'^p(o<;,  —  and  a  few  others. 

141.  Adjectives  of  one  Termiyiatmi  sometimes  occur.  See 
the  Lexicon. 

Remark.     The  following  violate  rules  :  — 
'A^auo?,  dy\a6<;,  "Adcoo<;,  dtSco^;,  /SorjOoo^;,   ^ft)©?,  ^Xeo?, 
6Xgo<;,  Ta\a6<;,  ravao^;,  rerpdopo<^.     See  the  Lexicon. 

Adjectives  of  the  Consonant  Declension. 
Classified  by  the  Termination  of  the  Genitive  Singular. 

142.  Termination  -[o-]o5,   like  aXr)Oi]<;. 

EuTT/oeTTT;?,  67]\v/jL€\y]<=;,  KaTaSer]^;,  fi€\av6r]<^,  /jL€\7}Sy]<^, 
IJLovo€iht]<^,  o^v(joirr}<;,  TroXvKarj^;,  7roXvB6VK7]<;,  TToXvepyij^i, 
iToXvaivr)'^,  — and  many  others. 


^  See  8,  foot-note. 


NOUN    INFLECTION.  33 

143.  Termination  -109,  like  evSaifxoiv. 

HoXvKTtjfAcop,  aihrip6(^po)v,  crKrjTrToffdfKov,  avv^jfJiWVy 
avvofiaLficov,  avvrepficov,  —  and  many  others.     See  74. 

144.  Termination  -[f  ]o9,  like  yAvKvs,  omitting  the  Feminine. 

'Aficfitjevv';,  avixOv^,  ^por6y7]pv<i,  e7ro^v<;,  evwrj^v^, 
rjfii/Spaxv^,  Kvav6(^pv^,  rap^v^y  raxvSaKpv(;,  TerpaTrrjxv^, 
—  and  others. 

Adjectives  of  the  Consonant  and  Vowel  Declensions. 

Classified  by  the  Termination  of  tlie  Genitive  and  Nominative  Singular 

respectively. 

145.  Termination  -[f  ]o9,  -a,  like  yXv/cvs. 

AtVu?,  ayLt/3\u9,  d/jL(f)L/3pa'xi>'^,  d/KpiSacrvf;,  ^apv<;,  ffpi6v9, 
fykvKv^y  Ba(7V<;,  Bpi/jLv<;,  €v6v<;,  evpv<^,  rjSix;,  rjfiiG-v^,  6rj\v<;y 
off?,  iraxy'^,  7r\arv<;,  Tap(l)V'^,  ra^v'^,  rpa^ys,  odkvq,  — 
and  their  compounds. 

146.  Termination  -tos,  -a,  like  xaptcts. 

Mopoet?,  wrepoeif;,  paKoet^,  pohoei^,  pviroet^;,  crfccoeK;, 
a-KOToei';,  (TTovoei^,  T€t')(,i'0€L<^^  —  and  many  others.     See  73. 

147.  Compounds  of  Tras  follow  the  accent  of  the  Nomina- 
tive, but  are  like  ttSs  in  the  Genitive  and  Dative  Singular 
(M.  and  N.). 

148.  Adjectives  of  one  Termination  sometimes  occur.  See 
the  Lexicon. 


Part  II. 

VERB   IXFLECTION. 


149.  Preliminary  Work.  —  In  writing  the  inflection  of 
the  verb  in  m,  separate  the  Termination  from  the  rest  of  the 
verb  (or  the  Apparent  Stem)  by  the  dotted  or  Appareiit  Line, 
and  ditto  the  Apparent  Stem  in  all  the  persons  except  in  the 
first,  where  it  must  be  written  in  full.  The  accent  must 
never  be  omitted. 

Note  that  in  the  above  method  we  are  dealing  with  the 
Apparent,  not  the  Real  Stein.  While  this  method  at  first  is 
recommended  until  perfect  familiarity  be  acquired  with  the 
Terminations  of  most  of  the  forms  of  the  verb  in  w,  let  care- 
ful attention  then  be  called  to  their  Real  Stems  and  Rcrsonal 
Endings  before  proceeding  to  those  of  the  Perfect  Middle/ 
the  First ^  and  Second^  Passive  systems  of  verbs  in  w,  and 
also  to  those  of  the  Present  ^'"^  and  Second^  Aorist  systems  of 
verbs  in  /xt. 

^  The  V.  or  Variable  vowel  is  wanting  throughout  here,  except  in  the 
Subjunctive.  The  Personal  Endings,  therefore,  are  added  directly  to 
the  Real  Stem.  In  the  Optative  the  Eeal  Stem,  of  course,  includes  the 
Mode  sign:  e.<j.,  \vQci-n-v,  Real  Stem,  Au06iTj.*'^  Although  this  sign  is  not 
the  Variable  vowel  {cf.  \voi^),^  yet  it  occupies  a  similar  position  in  rela- 
tion to  the  rest  of  the  verb. 

2  Verbs  in  -j/y^i  have  a  Variable  vowel  in  the  Optative  also. 

3  See  13  (o). 


verb  inflection.  35 

Definitions. 

150.  (a)  A  Personal  Ending  is  an  addition  of  a  letter  or 
letters  to  the  Real  Stem  -^  of  a  word  to  designate  a  person  : 
e.g.,  Xvo-jxev,  eX.vo-v,  i\v€-TO. 

(b)    A  Personal  Ending  is  often  wanting:  e.g.,  eXve-,  iXvOr]-. 

151.  (a)  A  Termination  is  the  union  or  contraction  of  the 
V.^  with  the  Personal  Ending :  e.g.,  Xv-o/jiev,  Xv-y  (lov  Xv-rj-o-ax) , 
Xv-oiv,   Xv-6fJi€vo<; ,   iXv-ov. 

(b)  Or  the  V.  alone  :  e.g.,  eXv-e.  Here,  of  course,  there  is 
no  Pej'sonal  Eliding. 

((?)  Or  the  Personal  Ending  alone :  e.g.,  iXvOy-v,  XvOy-n, 
Lo-TTj-ixL.  Here,  of  course,  there  is  no  V.  Or  the  Ending 
alone:    e.g.,  tcrra-i/at  1 1 '^^  La-Td-iJLevo<i,  X€XvK-ii)<;\\^,  XvOet-<i\\^. 

(d)  Or  the  union  of  V.,  Mode  sign,  and  Personal  Ending  : 
e.g.,Xv-otfj.i^,  Av-co/A£i/^.     Or  contraction  of  the  same:  e.g.,  Xv-r) 

(for  Xv-r]-(TaL). 

((?)  Or  the  union  of  V,  and  Mode  sign  :  e.g.,  Xv-ot,  Xv(t-€L€, 
Xvcr-at.     Here,  of  course,  there  is  no  Personal  Ending. 

(/)  Or  the  Mode  sign  and  the  Persorml  Ending:  e.g., 
i-trjcrav*,  XvOe-ii]v\     Here,  of  course,  there  is  no  Y. 

(g)   Or  the  Mode  sign  alone:  e.g.,  XvOe-l-r]*,  So-tr}.* 

(h)  Or,  finally,  the  Termination  may  be  wanting :  e.g., 
eXvOf)-,  ioiSov-,  ecrry]-. 

^  The  Simple  Stem  of  the  Verb  is  the  Theme  on  which  the  formative 
elements  of  inflection  are  constructed.  This  is  often  the  same  as  the 
Apparent,  less  frequently  the  same  as  the  Real  Stem.  In  this  sense  also 
the  Simple  Stem  is  often  applicable  to  the  Noun.  In  its  application  to  a 
Tense  Stem  the  Theme  is  the  same  as  tlie  Apparent  Stem  without  an  aug- 
ment, and  in  this  sense  it  is  generally  applicable  to  the  Noun. 

2  "  Here  it  may  suffice  to  refer  to  the  fact  that  the  vowel,  because  it  is 
lengtliened  in  the  Subjunctive  and  united  with  the  modal  sign  in  the 
Optative,  is  proved  to  be  tolerably  fixed  and  immovable."  This  is  called 
the  Variable  vowel. 

^  Marked  thus  in  accordance  with  12  and  13.  *  See  8,  note  1. 


36 


VERB    INFLECTION. 


159.    Application  of  the  General  Rules. 


Real  Stem. 

Ending. 

Real  Stem. 

Ending. 

e 

c 

3 
< 

V. 
Theme,  i  and 

'   +. 

c 

3 

Theme. 

V. 

and 

+  . 

1  ^ 

o  -S 

10,11,151 
(a),  160. 

— 

\v      61 

sN 

\v 

0) 

v[t][s? 

151  (a), 
170. 

10,  11,  12, 
151  (c), 
171. 

151  (a), 
172. 

10,  11,  13, 

151  {b), 
161. 

— 

\v\     TT, 

H[t]^ 

— 

SiSoti 

— 

[vt]s!|i 

11,13,151 
(d),  162. 

— 

Xv|    016 

V 

T 

7V€XX 

o 

v^ 

9,  11,  13, 

151  (/), 
163. 

— 

SiSoie — 

V 

— 

TJ-y^eXK 

a 

— 

11,151(&), 
173,185. 

9,  10,  11, 
12, 

151  (c), 
164. 

eci  - 

[F]vat|| 

6 

(err  0 

H^e'vosjl 

11,  12,  151 

(c),  174. 
9  note  1,10, 
13,151(&V 

11,  12, 

151  (c), 
165. 

lOTTal  — 

vai|| 

^        1 
1 
1 
1 

(iTJV 

11, 151(c), 
175. 

12, 151  (a), 
166. 

~ 

XcXvkI    e' 

vaijl 

€ 

Tl|X(0 

1 
1 
1 

1 

(0-) 

9  note  1,10, 
151  (a), 
176. 

8,10,  11, 
151  (a), 
177. 

8,  12, 
151  {a), 
167. 

Xiirl        € 

ivjl 

Xv'l      , 

1 
1 
1 
1 

t   (0-) 

8,  151  (a), 
168. 



XciTT      € 

LV 

> 

8i8ov    1 — 

1 

1 

V 

11, 151(c), 
178. 

9,  11,  13, 

151  (/), 
169. 

— 

\vQdr\— 

V 

SrjXo 

U 

V 

9  note  1, 
151  (a), 
179. 

11,151(6), 

173,185. 

— 

€  X-rjXaK  1    a 

— 

— 

XcXvK 

ws  1 

Ill  12, 

151  (c), 
185. 

Appar.  Stem.i  Termination. 

1 

Appar.  Stem.  [  Terminat'n. 

^  (/ompare  witli  the  same  on  p.  10. 

'^  The  temporal  augment  is  always  written  on  the  augment  line, — the 
dotted  line  at  the  extreme  left.     See  also  172. 

^  So  \v-w-[/j.Jt].     See  note  to  Avwu,  14.  *  For  tcr-u-fxi. 


VERB    INFLECTION.  6i 

Explanation  of  Certain  Forms. 

See  "Application  of  the  General  Rules,"  p.  36. 

160.  Present  Indicative  x-Vctive  of  Avw.  The  augment  is 
wanting.  Heal  Stern,  Xvet,  lengthened  for  \ve.  Between  the 
forms  Xve&i,  Xvert  and  Auets,  Av'ct,  we  have  the  intermediate 
A.v'eto-6,  X.VUTL,  in  which  the  inserted  t  is  an  epenthesis  or  anti- 
cipatory sound  of  the  t  of  the  Ending.     After  epenthesis  had 


ERRATA. 


Page  36.     159-     Read 


56.     159- 


I    Xciir 

I 

XeXvK 


61 IV 

—  w(t)s1 


«      36.     159.    ^'ute  I.     Read  p.  9- 


^.^  .,  ,  .^^^.^y,  ,Kcu^Lu.y ,  111  verus  in  -/at,  ya  appears 

as  try  or  t:  e.g.,  SiSoirjv,  SlSoIto.  Here  the  t,  representing  an 
original  ya,  does  not  unite  with  the  final  vowel  of  the  S(e7n,^ 
but  is  contracted^  with  it.  This  explains  the  difference  in  accent 
between  X^lttolto  and  StSotro,  but  not  the  third  plurals  above : 


1  See  8,  note  1. 

2  This  contraction  may  he  in  compensation  for  the  omitted  V.  and  in 
reminiscence  of  the  original  yO,  retained  in  the  Mode  sign  -t  of  verbs  in  -^t. 


36 


VERB    INFLECTION, 


159.   Application  of  the  General  Rules. 


Real  Stem. 

Ending. 

Eeal  Stem. 

Ending. 

c 
c 

3 
< 

V. 

Theme.  :  and 

'  +. 

It 

c   1 

1  1  Theme. 

3  1 
<  1 

V. 

and 

+  . 

10.11.151 



\v|    Cl 

sW 

—              \v 

6) 

v[t][s]^ 

151  (a), 
170. 

9,  11,  13, 

151  (/), 
169. 

-— 

1 

1    "r^ 

1 
1 

1 

V 

> 

8t]\o 

M 

V 

9  note  1 , 
151  (a), 
179. 

11,151(6), 
173,185. 

— 

cXrjXaK  1    a 

— 

— 

XeXvK 

— 

WS  1 

11,  12, 

151  (c), 
185. 

Appar.  Stem.  Termination, 

Appar.  Stem, 

Terminat'n. 

^  Compare  with  the  same  on  [>.  10. 

^  The  temporal  augment  is  always  written  on  the  augment  line, — 
dotted  line  at  the  extreme  left.     See  also  172. 

^  So  Kv-u}-[ix\[i\.     See  note  to  Kvwv,  14.  *  For  ta-u-ixi. 


the 


verb  inflection.  37 

Explanation  of  Certain  Forms. 

See  "Application  of  the  General  Pades,"  p.  3G. 

160.  Present  Indicative  Active  of  Ai;oj.  The  augment  is 
wanting.  Ileal  Stem,  Xvet,  lengthened  for  Xve.  Between  the 
forms  \v(.(Ti,  Avert  and  Xvwi,  Xvu,  we  have  the  intermediate 
Aueto-t,  kvuTt,  in  which  the  inserted  i  is  an  epenthesis  or  anti- 
cipatory sound  of  the  t  of  the  Ending.  After  epenthesis  had 
taken  place  (compare  iOeXya-t),  the  t  of  the  Ending  disap- 
peared. This  explanation  by  Curtius  accounts  also  for  the 
L  in  Xvi]<i,  Am/,  the  series  being  as  follows  :  — 

\v6-aL  \vr]-ai  \ve-TL  Xvrj-rc 

J  ,1  ,1  ,1 

\vei-ai  \vrj-ai  Xvet-TC  \vrj-TL 

J  J  I  ,'l 

XveL-<;  Xvr)-<;  Xvet-r  Xvy-r 

,1         ;i 

Xvei  Xvrj 

161.  Present  Subjunctive  Active  of  Avcu.    >%e  160. 

162.  Present  Optative  Active  of  Avw.  Beal  Stevi  Xvocc. 
The  sign  of  the  Optative  (t,  u,  lyj,  la)  is  always  marked  *  (see 
13)  to  distinguish  it  from  the  V.  or  Variable  vowel. 

163.  Present  Optative  Active  of  StSco/xt.  Real  Stem  SlSou. 
The  V.  is  wanting.  But  why  a  difference  in  accent?  The 
suffix  of  the  Optative  is  ga  for  verbs  in  -w,  gd  for  verbs  in  -/xi. 
In  verbs  in  -o),  ga  appears  as  X,  te,  la,  uniting  with  the  Variable 
vowel:  e.g.,  Xvoi,  Xvouv,  XvcreLav ;  in  verbs  in  -fXL,  yd  appears 
as  it;  or  t :  e.g.,  ^lSoltjv,  SlSoIto.  Here  the  i,  representing  an 
original  gd,  does  not  unite  with  the  final  vowel  of  the  Stem,^ 
but  is  contracted^  with  it.  This  explains  the  difference  in  accent 
between  Xuttolto  and  SiSoiro,  but  not  the  third  plurals  above : 

^  See  8,  note  1. 

^  This  contraction  may  be  in  compensation  for  the  omitted  V.  and  in 
reminiscence  of  the  original  ya,  retained  in  the  Mode  sign  -t  of  verbs  in  -fii. 


38  VERB    INFLECTION. 

e.g.,  hihouv.  Here  "  there  is  no  difficulty  in  the  assumption 
that  analogy  was  an  essential  source  of  the  accent.  Among 
modern  grammarians  the  view  that  the  shorter  forms  are  con- 
tracted has  been  the  prevalent  one."  But  not  that  StSote:'  has 
been  contracted  from  hLhot-qcrav  any  more  than  icjidvOev  from 
ecfidvOria-av.  The  difference  in  accent  between  Ae/Trotro  and 
SlSolto  is  also  thus  explained. 

The  retention  of  /xt  in  the  First  Person  Singular  of  the 
Active  (a  Primary  Ending,  the  O^jtative  elsewhere  having  the 
Secondary  Endings  throughout)  is  a  "  relic  of  great  antiquity," 
pointing  to  a  time  when  the  Secondary  were  the  same  as  the 
Erimary  Endings.     The  Primary  were  the  original  Endings. 

164.  Second  or  Strong  Aorist  Active  Infinitive  of  tlOtjixl. 
"In  this  way  we  arrive  at  a  certain  degree  of  probability  that 
all  infinitives  in  -vai  have  originated  in  fevai.  As  Sowat  came 
from  8of€vaL,  so  Oetvat  would  have  come  from  Oefei/ai,  yvoivat 
from  yvoifevat.  The  JDOSt-Homeric  forms  SiSovai,  cjidvat,  elSevat, 
would  be  later  formations  arising  at  a  time  in  wliicli  the 
medial  f  was  completely  extinct.  But  at  least  in  the  accentu- 
ation of  the  penultimate,  there  still  remained  a  reminiscence 
that  it  was  once  an  ante]3enultimate."  Further,  "  the  vowel 
before  the  v,  which  is  always  long,  and  which  in  all  Greek 
without  exception  is  accented,  always  belongs  to  the  Stem. 
Hence  we  cannot  talk  of  an  ending  evai,  but  only  of  vat." 

165.  Present  Infinitive  Active  of  la-Trjixi.     Sec  164. 

166.  Perfect  Infinitive  Active  of  At'co.     Sec  164. 

167.  168.  Second  or  Strong  Aorist  Active  Inllnitive  of  X^i-n-w. 
Original  Ending  ev  for  this  and  for  the  Present  Active  Infini- 
tive, A-ctTTctv.  The  difference  in  accent  is  due  to  the  raising  of 
the  last  syllable  of  the  Second  or  Strong  Aorist  in  -cev,  which 
would  give  the  Homeric  Infinitive  \\\ -Uiv ;  this  lengthening 
does  not  occur  in  the  case  of  the  Present  :  e.g.,  XcTreev,  XetTreev ; 
Xtirietv,  XfiTreev  ]   AtTretVj  AeiTTfti'. 


VERB    INFLECTION.  39 

169.  First  Aorist  Optative  Passive  of  Avo).  The  V.  is 
wanting,  and  also  the  augment.     A  —  shows  this. 

170,  171.  Present  Active  Participle  of  Xvo)  and  8t8a)/xt  respec- 
tively. Here  the  form  is  written  as  a  verb.  Compare  these 
forms  under  Noun  Inflection.    See  14. 

172,  173.  Imperfect  and  Perfect  Indicative  Active  of  ayyiX- 
Aoj  respectively.  The  treatment  of  the  rj  is  here  easily  com- 
pared as  showing  augment  (172)  and  reduplication  (173).  The 
temporal  augment  must  always  be  written  on  the  dotted  line 
between  the  augment  and  Theme  —  a  hint  as  to  its  forma- 
tion in  being  derived  originally  from  the  syllabic.  The  essen- 
tial difference  between  temporal  augment  and  reduplication  in 
the  case  of  Stems  beginning  with  a  vowel  (or  diphthong  when 
changed)  is  that  the  former  arose  from  a  pre -Greek  contrac- 
tion of  the  syllabic  augment  with  the  initial  vowel  of  the 
Theme  ;  whereas  in  the  -latter  case  the  result  came  from  a 
doubling  (also  p)'!'^^- Greek)  of  the  initial  vowel  of  the  Theme. 
As  regards  omission  of  the  augment,  Curtius  says :  "  The  fact 
that  the  living  spoken  language,  as  far  as  we  can  see,  as  good 
as  never  neglected  the  augment  in  its  completest  form,  is  a 
strong  confutation  of  the  view  which  represents  the  augment 
as  an  unessential  element  in  the  word.  The  best  expression 
of  the  important  difference  between  the  omission  of  the  .svHa- 
bic  augment  and  that  of  the  temporal,  is  this :  the  former  is 
a  poetical  and  archaic  license ;  the  latter  is  a  sacrifice  to  con- 
venience of  articulation,  and  was  more  or  less  common  to  all 
periods.  Both  omissions  fall  under  the  head  of  weakening, 
and  at  no  time  did  the  Greeks  lose  the  sense  that  the  aucr- 

o 

mented  form  was  the  complete  and  correct  one."  In  regard 
to  reduplication  in  connection  with  augment,  Curtius  says, 
"  The  augment  serves,  that  is,  to  mark  a  past  tense  ;  it  is  the 
exponent  of  a  grade  of  time  ;  while  the  reduplication  charac- 
terizes a  tense-stem  all  through,  attaching  itself  firmly  to  it ; 


40  VERB    INFLECTION. 

nor  does  it  confine  itself  exclusively  to  the  perfect  stem,  but 
appears  occasionally  in  the  present  and  aorist  as  well.  From 
this  it  is  clear  that  the  reduplication  was  not  originally  a 
mark  of  past  time,  and  that  the  apparent  substitution  of  the 
reduplication  for  the  augment  in  certain  aorists  is  not  what  it 
seems  (for  we  have  iK^Kkero),  and  further  witness  the  every- 
day Pluperfect." 

"  In  other  words,  to  call  reduplication  augment  belongs  to  a 
more  backward  stage  of  '  Science  of  Language '  than  the  pres- 
ent." The  reduplication  often  takes  the  form  of  the  augment, 
either  temporal  or  syllabic. 

"  The  Attic  reduplication  was  so  called  because  it  here  and 
there  had  disappeared  from  the  usage  of  the  later  Greeks, 
and  hence  was  to  be  recommended  as  a  good  and  genuine 
Attic  formation.  The  Greek  Perfect  formation  is  separated 
from  that  of  the  other  reduplicating  tenses  by  delicate  dis- 
tinctions. Here  the  distinction  lies  in  the  rhythm.  The 
Aorists  leave  the  stem-syllable  short :  wpope ;  the  Perfects 
bring  it  out  vigorously  by  its  length  :  o/awpc.  '  And  again, 
"  the  Attic  reduplication  has  a  special  interest  in  bearing  on 
the  history  of  the  language.  It  shows  us  what  the  Greeks 
were  capable  of  at  a  comparatively  recent  time,  and  may 
serve  as  a  warning  not  to  go  too  far  in  explaining  Greek  forms 
horn,  pre- GreeJc  models." 

"  The  Homeric  language,  in  which  many  at  every  step  con- 
jecture reminiscences  from  the  grayest  antiquity,  evidently  is 
in  the  middle  of  this  period  of  recent  imitation.  We  may 
here,  as  in  other  cases,  cast  our  eyes  back  from  Homer  to  a 
still  earlier  poetry  which  was  actually  creative  in  moulding 
characteristic  forms  of  language." 

174.  Perfect  Subjunctive  Passive  of  ttXckw.  As  the  V.  is 
wanting,  final  k  of  the  ^Sle7)i  appears  to  us  as  y  before  the 
Ending  /xcVo?.  Here  w  (and  d-qv)  are  written  beneath  the 
Participle  for  the  Subjunctive  and  Optative  respectively. 


VERB    iKt'LECTION.  41 

175.  Pluperfect  Indicative  Passive  of  <j>aLvu).  "Stems  in  v 
(unless  they  reject  v,  agreeing  with  the  Perfect  Active)  change 
it  to  o-  before  /x  :  <^atVa>  (<f>av),  7r£<^ao--/Aat ;  but  sometimes  to  fx  : 
o^vi'OD  (oivv),  ui^v^ixai.  The  succession  v-r  remains  ;  v-ixd  drops 
o".  The  forms  which  would  have  v-a  (Trc^av-o-at)  are  avoided 
altogether ;  for  these  it  is  likely  that  Trti^acr/xtVo?  cT,  yjaOa,  "lo-Ol, 
were  used."  —  Hadley  and  Allen, 

176.  Imperfect  Indicative  Middle  or  Passive  of  rt/xaw.  The 
o-  (of  ao,  the  Ending)  appears  in  brackets,  since  it  is  dropped 
in  Attic  Greek.  Observe  further,  that  in  contract-verbs  the 
contracted  syllable  is  always  accented  except  in  the  entire 
Singular  and  Third  Person  Plural  of  the  Imperfect  Indicative 
Active ;  and  in  the  Second  Person  Singular  of  the  Imperative 
Active:   e.g.,  cSt^Aow,  ri/xa. 

177.  Present  Indicative  Middle  or  Passive  of  Avw.  The  <r 
(of  o-at,  the  Endiyig)  appears  in  brackets,  since  it  is  dropped 
in  Attic  Greek. 

178.  179.  Imperfect  Indicative  Active  of  8tSw/xt  and  hr^Xom 
respectively.  In  178  ov  is  a  simple  lengthening  of  the  final 
vowel  of  the  Stem}  In  179  ov,  arising  from  a  contraction  of 
the  final  vowel  of  the  Aioparent  Stem  with  the  V.,  is  written 
on  the  Apparent  Line.     See  General  Rules. 

180.  Xv9r]^-TL.  First  Aorist  Imperative  Passive  of  Xvoj. 
This  Passive  system  is  formed  with  Active  Endings  through- 
out. Here  XvOrj  has  the  final  vowel  of  the  Stem  lengthened  ;  ^ 
the  Variable  vowel  is  wanting,  and  tl  (for  Ol)  consequently  is 
not  dropped,  as  in  Xv-e-[^][i].     See  also  11,  151  (c). 

181.  laTr).^  Present  Imperative  Active  of  lar-qfu.  Here 
la-T-q  ^  has  the  final  vowel  of  the  Stem  lengthened  because  the 
Ending  has  been  dropped.  The  V.  is  wanting.  See  also  11, 
\b\{cy 

1  Real  and  Apparent  Stem  are  here  the  same. 


42  VERB    INFLECTION. 

182.  (TTrj  ^-Ot.  Second,  or  Strong  Aorist  Imperative  Active 
of  Lo-TTjixi.  The  final  vowel  of  the  Stem  is  here  lengthened, 
with  the  End'nuj  retained.  The  final  vowel  of  the  Stem  some- 
times appeal's  short  and  sometimes  long.  This  orij^t  is  the 
full  form  of  Imperatives  of  this  class.    See  also  11,  151  (c). 

183.  ^e'-?.  Second  or  Strong  Aorist  Imperative  Active  of 
TiOrffXi.  For  OiOu  The  t  being  dropped,  0  is  changed  to  s. 
See  also  11,  151  (c). 

184.  SeiKvvoLjXL.  Verbs  in  -vu/xt  form  the  Subjunctive  and 
Optative  like  verbs  in  -w.     See  also  11,  151  (d). 

185.  XeXvKa,  XeXvKi.  The  Perfect  Indicative  Active,  First 
and  Third  Person  Singular,  never  had  any  Personal  Ending. 
There  seems  to  be  no  ground  for  the  assumption  that  the 
Variable  vowel  has  been  lost  before -w?  (formative  element -or) 
of  the  Perfect  Participle  Active.  On  the  contrary,  the  evi- 
dence goes  to  show  that  it  never  existed.  See  also  11, 151  (h), 
151  (c). 

186.  l3ov\€V(Tov.  First  Aorist  Imperative  Active  of  jSov- 
Xevii).  The  Terminaiion  ov  is  the  result  of  a  nasal  after-sound 
dulling  a  into  o :  thus,  jSovXeva-o-v.  But  nothing  certain  is 
known  about  this  form.     See  also  11,  151  (a). 

187.  ^ovXeva-au     First  Aorist  Infinitive  Active  of  jSovXevo). 

Nothing  satisfactory  is  known  about  this  form.  Curtius  says 
that  it  is  probably  for  ^ovXevar-a-ai,  the  Ending  o-at  being  added 
directly  to  the  Stein  without  a  V.,  the  first  a  disappearing  as 
in  y€V€(cr)ort.  Papillon  says  that  at  arose  by  analogy  from  the 
old  Ending  fxevaL.  This  at  would  assert  itself  by  analogy  as 
the  right  Termination.  Curtius,  however,  says  that  this  has 
but  little  probability,  although  his  own  view  is  as  far  fetched 
as  any  other,  and  not  better  established.     As  the  treatment 

^  Real  and  Apparent  Stem  are  here  the  same. 


VERB    INFLECTION.  43 

of  Papillon  seems  on  the  whole  the  most  satisfactory,  it  is 
adopted  here.  In  this  connection  it  might  be  added  that 
nothing  is  known  about  the  First  Aorist  Imperative  Middle. 
Let  it  be  written,  however,  like  the  First  Aorist  Infinitive 
Active,  with  a  different  accent  where  necessary.  See  also 
11,  151  (a). 

188.  StSdttcri.     Present  Indicative  Active  of  SlSih/xl.     Here 
the  acrt  arises  from  avn,  a  very  old  traditional  formation.     See 

also  11,  151  (c). 

189.  No  classified  lists  of  verbs  are  given,  as  the  grammars 
contain  an  abundance  of  examples. 


APPENDIX. 

(hadley  and  Allen's  preface.) 


"  The  paradigms  have  been  pruned  here  and  there  in  the 
interest  of  a  stricter  Atticism.  For  instance,  y  in  the  Second 
Person  Singular  Middle  has  been  dropped,  and  forms  like 
Tifnor)fX€v,  SvoLfXL,  €(TTaL7]fji€v,  cSiSwv,  SiBov  (Imperative  Middle), 
have  disappeared.  So  Xvovrmv,  XveaOw,  have  taken  precedence 
of  kvirioaav,  XvicrOoio-av  ;  Xucreta?,  Xvcrete,  of  Xvaaiq,  Xvcrai ;  the 
Pluperfect  in  -kt],  of  that  in  -kuv  ;  XvOcijjiev,  StSot/xer,  of  XvOur]- 
iiiv,  SLSoLTjfxev  ;  (fitXoLTjv,  of  (j>LXo7fxL.  Thc  Pcrfcct  Active  Imper- 
ative has  been  relegated  to  a  note,  and  so  has  the  Optative 
form  XiXvKOLTjv.  The  noun  dvu>y€cov  has  been  discarded  as  non- 
existent. In  the  Feminine  Dual  of  pronouns,  toj,  twSc,  tovto} 
have  taken  the  place  of  ra,  raSe,  rtturu." 


>       1     ]       >     ] 


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The  object  of  this  Grammar  is  to  state  general  principles  clearly 
and  distinctly,  with  special  regard  to  those  who  are  preparing  for 

college. 

In  the  new  edition  many  important  changes  have  been  made. 
The  part  relating  to  the  inflection  of  the  Verb  has  been  entirely  re- 
written, and  increased  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  pages.  Part  III., 
on  the  Formation  of  Words,  has  been  added  in  this  edition.  Part 
v.,  on  Versification,  is  almost  entirely  new,  and  follows  to  a  great 
extent  the  principles  of  J.  H.  H.  Schmidt^s  Rhythmic  and  Metric. 
The  other  parts,  especially  the  Syntax,  have  been  thoroughly  revised, 
and  numerous  additions  have  been  made.  The  Catalogue  of  Verbs 
has  been  greatly  enlarged,  and  each  verb  is  now  referred  to  its 
proper  class  in  the  classification  of  G.  Curtius,  which  is  adopted  in 
the  Grammar  itself.  The  sections  on  the  Syntax  of  the  Verb  are 
generally  condensed  from  the  author^s  larger  work  on  the  Greek 
Moods  and  Tenses,  to  which  advanced  students,  and  especially 
teachers,  are  referred  for  a  fuller  exposition  of  many  matters  which 
are  merely  hinted  at  in  the  Elementary  Grammar. 

This  new  edition  has  been  published  also  by  Macmillan  &  Co.  in 
London. 

The  following  testimonials  have  been  received  since  the  publication 
of  the  New  Edition.  Our  Special  Circidar  contaifis  many 
other  testimonials,  showing  that  the  large  number  of  Colleges 
and  High  Schools  usitig  the  book  are  emphatic  in  its  praise  as  a 
working  text-book. 


I02 


:^KC'L,IS>H  1?EVIEWS. 


The  London  Athtjnseum  i  Tt  is 
the  best  Greek  Grammar  of  its  size  in 
the  English  language.     {Oct.  4,  1879.) 

The  London  Academy :  In  spite 
of  its  too  modest  title,  it  is  an  exceed- 
ingly complete  and  well-arranged  sum- 
mary of  the  best  results  of  recent  study 
in  this  direction.  The  author  has  been 
recognized,  ever  since  the  appearance 
of  his  admirable  treatise  on  Greek 
Moods  and  Tenses,  as  one  of  the  most 
accurate  and  original  scholars  of  the 
day,  and  his  present  work  is  fully  wor- 
thy of  his  reputation.  We  distinctly 
think  it  the  best  Greek  Grammar  that 
has  yet  appeared  in  English,  and  we 
are  confident  that  its  success  will  be 
equal  to  its  merits,     {yan,  31,  1880.) 


!British  Quarterly  Review  for 
April,  1880:  It  is  the  best  Greek 
Grammar  in  the  English  language.  It 
is  based  on  sound  philological  princi- 
ples, clear  in  arrangement,  and  com- 
plete in  details.  It  contains  the  best 
results  of  recent  studies  in  accidence 
and  syntax,  together  with  important 
contributions  by  Professor  Goodwin 
himself.  The  publication  of  his  excel- 
lent treatise  on  Greek  Moods  and 
Tenses  proved  the  author  to  be  one  of 
the  most  accurate  and  original  scholars 
of  the  day,  and  his  present  work  will 
more  than  sustain  that  high  reputation. 
.  .  .  The  title  is  too  modest  to  give  an 
adequate  idea  of  the  work ;  for,  while 
called  elementary,  it  is  ample  for  the 
requirements  of  the  majority  of  students. 


FROM   GREEK   PROFESSORS. 


A.  C.  Kendrick,  Prof,  of  Greek, 
Rochester  Univ. :  I  consider  it  an  ad- 
mirable compend  of  Greek  Grammar, 
of  just  about  the  right  size,  very  skilfully 
prepared,  as  it  is  beautifully  printed.  I 
can  most  cordially  commend  it. 
(March  29,  1880.) 

Isaac  Flag'g',  Prof,  of  Greek,  Cor- 
nell Univ. :  Professor  Goodwin  has 
made  a  college  book  of  it,  and  at  the 
same  time  improved  it  for  school  use. 
The  reason  why  we  have  lacked  a  suit- 
able college  grammar  hitherto  (and  it 
is  a  fact  that  we  have  lacked  one),  is 
that  while  the  first  edition  of  this  was 
too  small  a  book,  other  grammars  are 
for  the  most  part  too  large,  and  incon- 
sistent with  the  Author's  standard  work 
on  the  "  Moods  and  Tenses.*'  If  Greek 
scholarship  is  to  be  saved  to  general 
education,  it  must  be  done  by  keeping 
within  bounds,  and  by  holding  fast  to 
scientific  and  common-sense  methods. 


W.  S.  Tyler,  Prof,  of  Greek,  Am- 
herst Coll. :  When  I  first  saw  that  the 
book  was  enlarged  I  feared  that  it  might 
have  lost  one  of  its  characteristic  ex- 
cellencies, viz.,  its  remarkable  union  of 
conciseness  with  clearness.  But  I  find 
that,  while  it  has  lost  nothing,  it  has 
gained  a  cotnpleteness  which  it  did  not 
before  possess.  And  I  subscribe,  with- 
out hesitation,  to  the  high  praise  of 
The  Athencenm,  that,  for  use  as  a  man- 
ual by  college  students,  it  is  the  best 
Greek  Grammar  in  the  English  lan- 
guage.    {March  18,  1880.) 

P.  D.  Allen,  Prof,  of  Classical  Phi- 
lology, Harvard  Coll. :  A  thoroughly 
excellent  work  in  every  way.  It  is  well 
arranged  and  clearly  expressed,  and  I 
think  that  the  author  has  shown  the 
most  excellent  judgment  as  to  what  to 
put  in  and  what  to  leave  out.  The 
Syntax  is  especially  admirable. 
{March  18,  1880.) 


T03 


Minton  Warren,  Johns  Hopkins 
Univ.,  Baltimore,  Md. :  I  am  much 
pleased  with  the  arrangement  of  the 
inflectional  forms,  the  clear  treatment 
of  the  Syntax,  and,  in  fact,  with  the  log- 
ical disposition  of  the  whole  subject- 
matter.     {March  3,  l88o.) 

Jacob  Cooper,  Prof,  of  Greek, 
Rutgers  Coll.:  By  a  masterly  conden- 
sation, all  the  essential  features  of  the 
language  are  exhibited,  each  in  its 
relative  proportion ;  while  anomalies 
and  doubtful  constructions  are  not 
allowed  to  encumber  the  learner's 
progress  towards  a  clear  view  of  this 
most  philosophical  language. 

R.  B.  Young-man,  Prof,  of  Greek, 
Lafayette  Coll.,  Pa. :  It  is  much  im- 
proved every  way.  The  added  matter 
is  important.  I  am  very  glad  the  author 
has  given  us  this  edition,  which  puts 
away  every  doubt  as  to  its  continued 
use  in  my  classes. 

M.  L.  D'Ooge,  Prof  of  Greek, 
Univ.  of  Mich. :  The  Grammar,  it  seems 
*o  me,  hits  the  exact  mean  between  a 
book  of  reference  and  a  bare  outline. 
It  gives  results  concisely  and  yet  fully 
and  clearly.  Its  treatment  of  the  inflec- 
tion of  the  verb  is  especially  skilful  and 
clear.  I  know  of  no  Greek  Grammar 
for  English-speaking  students  that  com- 
bines so  many  merits  in  so  attractive  a 
form.     {March  2j,  1880.) 

Elisha  Jones,  Assistant  Prof,  of 
Latin  in  Univ.  of  Mich. :  The  Syntax 
of  this  Grammar  I  have  always  consid- 
ered the  best  published  in  our  country ; 
it  seems  to  nie  that  the  Etymology  con- 
tains all  that  is  necessai  y  to  be  learned 
in  our  schools  and  colleges,  and  that 
it  is  put  in  a  more  attractive  shape  than 
in  any  other  grammar  of  my  acquaint- 
ance.    {Dec.  20,  1879.) 


H.  C.  Cameron,  Prof  of  Greek, 
Princeton  Coll. :  For  some  years  it  has 
been  recommended  to  students  pre- 
paring for  this  institution.  It  would 
be  impossible  to  find  the  great  prin- 
ciples of  the  Greek  language  more 
clearly  set  forth  than  in  this  Grammar, 
which  I  most  heartily  recommend. 

J.  M.  Dashiell,  Prof  of  Greek  in 
St.  yohii's  Coll.,  Md. :  This  new  Gram- 
mar, in  my  judgment,  comes  very  near 
perfection.     {March  15,  1880.) 

William  G.  Frost,  Prof  of 
Greek,  Oberlin  Coll. :  I  have  taught 
his  Syntax  of  the  Moods  and  Tenses 
for  several  years,  and  am  satisfied  that 
it  is  by  far  the  best  statement  of  princi- 
ples and  the  best  scheme  to  teach  that 
has  yet  appeared.  In  the  new  edition 
i  the  other  parts  seem  to  be  of  equal 
merit. 

R.  Baird,  Instructor  in  Greek, 
Northwestern  Univ.,  III. :  After  using 
it  for  several  years,  I  feel  free  to  say 
that  it  thoroughly  meets  the  demands 
of  the  class-room.  Its  treatment  of 
Syntax  is  especially  good,  and  the  de- 
fects in  etymology  which  marred  the 
old  edition  are  completely  removed  in 
the  new.  As  it  now  appears,  it  has,  in 
my  opinion,  no  rival.     {Oct.  4,  1879.) 

John  H.  Converse,  Racine 
Coll.,  Wis. :  In  its  improved  form,  I 
consider  it  now  imsurpassed  for  colle- 
giate as  well  as  grammar  school  use 
by  any  school  grammar  extant.  The 
full  treatment  which  the  author  now 
gives  to  the  development  of  the  verb 
leaves  nothing  to  be  desired  in  that 
direction. 

Hugh  Boyd,  Prof  of  Greek,  Cor^ 
nell  Coll.,  Iowa  :  It  has  been  in  use  in 
this  College  for  several  years,  and  haa 
given  excellent  satisfaction. 


I04 


Prof.  F,  A.  March,  Lafayette 
Coll. :  Prof.  Goodwin's  Gra/nmar  would 
of  course  be  learned  and  accurate.  It 
shows  great  moderation  and  sagacity 
in  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the  ma- 
terial included  in  it,  and  much  peda- 
gogical skill  in  the  method  and  state- 
ments. It  is  a  good  working  hand-book 
in  our  classes,  and  an  acceptable  addi- 
tion to  tiie  apparatus  for  instruction  in 
Greek.     {March  25,  1880.) 

Henry  M.  Baird,  Prof,  of  Greek, 
Univ.  of  the  City  of  N.  Y. :  The  prin- 
cipal charm  of  the  second  edition  is,  in 
my  opinion,  that  it  retains  those  strik- 
ing excellences  which  distinguished  the 
first.  It  is  e mi/ten tly  clear  in  statement ; 
every  sentence  is  intelligible  at  the  first 
reading.  It  is  as  simple  as  a  book  on 
such  a  subject  can  well  be  ;  the  scholar 
is  never  perplexed  or  diverted  from  his 
object  by  the  presentation  of  unneces- 
sary information  relating  to  difficulties 
which  he  may  never  have  occasion  to 
cope  with.  It  is  characterized  by  a 
candor  that  necessarily  commands  re- 
spect. Though  modestly  styling  itself 
"  elementary,"  it  is  better  adapted  than 
any  other  in  our  language  for  the  use 
of  the  American  college  student.  As 
such  I  shall  recommend  it  to  my 
classes.    {July  17,  1880.) 

John  H.  Hewitt,  Prof  of  Greek, 
Lake  Forest  Univ.,  III. :  I  have  used 
the  Grammar  for  three  years,  with  pre- 
paratory classes,  with  great  satisfaction. 
{March  22,  1880.) 

A.  H.  Buck,  Prof  of  Greek,  Bos- 
ton Univ. :  It  was  an  excellent  book 
before  it  appeared  in  the  revised  and 
enlarged  edition  recently  published.  It 
is  now  much  more  complete  and  sym- 
metrical, and  shows  everywhere  the 
tact,  insight,  and  judgment  of  a  learned 
and  experienced  teacher,  who  is  intent 
alike  on  accuracy  and  elegance  of 
Statement.     {March  25,  i88o.) 


Wilford  Caulkins,  Prof  of  Greek, 
East  Tenn.  Wesleyan  Univ.  :  The  test 
of  class  use  convinces  me  of  its  superi- 
ority. It  is  clear,  terse,  and  compre- 
hensive, giving  what  the  student  needs, 
unencumbered  by  unnecessary  ver- 
biage.     {A/arch  4,  1882.) 

H.  Peck,  Aiigustana  Coll.,  Rock 
Island,  III. :  I  am  exceedingly  well 
pleased  with  it. 

E.  Alexander,  Univ.  of  Tenn.: 
No  Greek  Grammar  which  I  have  used 
is  equal  to  it, 

John  H.  Wrig-ht,  Associate  Prof 
of  Greek,  Dartmouth  Coll. :  The  severe 
proportion  constantly  observed  in  the 
choice,  arrangement,  and  treatment  of 
materials  must  give  the  treatise  a  per- 
manent value,  which  only  most  de- 
cided advances  in  grammatical  science 
will  be  able  seriously  to  affect. 

S.  Waterhouse,  Prof  of  Greek, 
Wash.  Univ.,  St.  Louis :  An  excellent 
book  for  academic  and  collegiate  use. 
Simple,  but  not  superficial ;  brief,  but 
not  obscure ;  it  combines  the  latest  re- 
sults of  Greek  scholarship  with  the 
best  methods  of  presentation.  It  will 
meet  the  expectations  of  those  who 
care  less  for  lists  of  exceptions  than 
they  do  for  the  mastery  of  Greek  litera- 
ture and  thought.     {March  19,  1880.) 

I.    Schneider,    Prof    of   Greek, 

Tuffs  Coll. :  It  is  greatly  improved  and 
enriched,  and  its  usefulness  thereby, 
both  for  students  and  teachers,  largely 
enhanced. 

I.  Fletcher,  Queen's  Coll.,  Kings- 
ton, Out.  :  I  have  long  known  it  as 
the  best  published.     {March  9,  1882.) 

D.  J.  W.  Wilm,  Prof  of  Greek, 
Victoria  Univ.,  Cobourg,  Can.  :  I  must 
say  I  think  it  \s  facile  princeps  as  com- 
pared with  any  I  have  hitherto  met 
with.     {July  5,  i88i.) 


lO: 


FROM  CLASSICAL   AND   HIGH   SCHOOLS. 


B.  L.  Cilley,  i'rof.  of  Greek,  Phil- 
lips lixeter  Acad.,  TV.//.  /  I  began  to 
use  it  in  1870,  wiiii  the  first  edition,  and 
have  used  it  constantly  since.  I  con- 
sider it  decidedly  the  best  working 
Grammar  that  I  know,  I  like  the 
changes  made  in  it.    {March  16,  1880.) 

A.  C.  Perkins,  Prin.  0/  Phillips 
Exeter  Acad.:  In  simplicity  of  expres- 
sion, symmetry  of  arrangement,  clear- 
ness of  statement,  absence  of  all  pedan- 
try, and  closeness  of  analysis,  the  work 
is  a  model.  The  recent  revision  of  the 
book,  and  the  addition  of  new  matter, 
have  increased  the  value  of  it,  and  im- 
proved a  manual  which  a  use  of  ten 
years  in  our  public  schools  had  shown 
to  be  excellently  adapted  to  elementary 
instruction. 

C.  P.  P.  Bancroft,  Prin.  of  Phil- 
lips Acad.,  Aiidover,  Mass. :  So  far  as  I 
can  judge  and  can  learn  from  competent 
scholars,  it  has  been  greatly  improved 
by  its  extension  and  revision. 

{April  3,  1880.) 

Robert  P.  Keep,  Prof,  of  Greek, 
Williston  Sent. :  It  seems  to  retain  all 
the  conciseness  and  clearness  of  state- 
ment which  characterized  the  earlier 
editions  of  the  book,  and  to  contain 
all  the  matter  which  a  student  would 
require  up  to  the  very  end  of  his  col- 
lege course.  It  is  eminently  a  practi- 
cal book,  and  no  teacher  who  uses  it 
with  a  class  of  beginners  can  fail  to  be 
well  satisfied  with  it. 

F.  "W.  Tilton,  Prin.  of  Rogers 
High  Sch.,  Newport,  R.I. :  It  requires 
no  prophet  to  promise  for  the  new 
book  a  more  general  introduction  and 
a  higher  appreciation  even  than  those 
won  by  the  old.     {March  22,  1880.) 


M.  E.  Gates,  recent  Prin.  of  Albany 
Acad.:  For  daily  recitations  in  a  pre- 
paratory school,  we  have  found  it  de- 
cidedly the  best.  It  is  compact,  brief, 
giving  essentials  and  omitting  non- 
essentials. A  bright  boy  of  fifteen 
may  hope  to  know  and  apply  every 
page  of  it  with  two  years'  faithful  study. 

Moses  Merrill,  Head  Master  of 
Boston  Latin  Sch. :  It  has  been  an  au- 
thorized text-book  in  the  Latin  School 
since  its  first  publication  in  1870.  It 
has  been  most  acceptable  to  all  the 
teachers  of  Greek  since  that  time,  and 
there  has  been  no  desire  for  any  other. 
We  believe  that  it  is  the  best  grammar 
published  for  the  elementary  study  of 
the  language.     {March  26,  1880.) 

Arthur  I.  Fiske,  Teacher  of 
Greek,  Boston  Latin  Sch.:  At  first  I 
looked  with  misgiving  on  the  increased 
bulk  of  the  book,  from  a  fear  that  it 
would  now  inspire  an  abiding  terror  in 
my  youngest  class  ;  but  an  examination 
convinces  me  that  the  additions  are 
just  so  many  helps. 

John  Tetlo"W,  Head  Master  of 
Girls  Latin  School,  Boston :  Teachers 
of  Greek  in  the  Preparatory  Schools 
have,  for  several  years,  been  under 
great  obligations  to  Professor  Goodwin 
for  a  series  of  text-books  by  which  their 
own  labors  have  been  lightened,  at  the 
same  time  that  the  progress  of  their 
pupils  has  been  accelerated.  The  pub- 
lication of  this  new  grammar  increases 
their  debt.     {March  15,  1880.) 

JohnW.  Perkins,  Prin.  of  Dum- 
mer  Acad.,  Byfield,  Mass.  :  From  the 
first  publication  of  the  first  edition,  I 
have  considered  it  unequalled  for  prac- 
tical work  with  a  class  fitting  for  col- 
lege.    {March  15,  1880.) 


io6 

White's  First  Lessons  in  Greek. 

Revised  and  Enlarged  Edition.  Prepared  to  accompany  Goodwin's 
(3reek  Grammar,  and  designed  as  an  Introduction  either  to  his  Greek 
Reader  or  to  his  Selections  from  Xenophon  and  Herodotus,  or  to  the 
Anabasis  of  Xenophon.  With  a  Companion  Pamphlet  of  Parallel 
References  to  Hadley's  Greek  Grammar.  By  John  Williams 
White,  Ph.D.,  Professor  of  Greek  in  Harvard  University.  i2mo. 
Half  morocco.  Mailing  Price,  ^1.30;  Introduction,  ;^ 1. 20;  Allowance 
for  old  book,  25  cents. 

A  series  of  eighty  Lessons,  with  progressive  Greek-English  and 
English-Greek  Exercises,  taken  maiiily  from  the  first  four  books  of 
Xenophon'' s  Anabasis.  The  Exercises  consist  wholly  of  complete 
sentences,  followed  by  a  series  of  Additional  Exercises  on  Forms, 
and  complete  Vocabularies.  These  Lessons  are  carefully  graded, 
and  do  not  follow  the  order  of  arrangement  of  the  Grammar,  but 
begin  the  study  of  the  verb  with  the  second  Lesson,  and  then 
pursue  it  alternately  with  that  of  the  remaining  parts  of  speech. 

Adopted  for  use  in  Phillips  Exeter  Academy;  Boston  Latin 
School ;  Adams  Academy,  Quincy,  etc. 

An  edition  for  the  use  of  English  schools  is  published  by  Mac- 
millan  &  Co.  of  London. 

Features  of  the  First  Lessons  to  which  the  attention 
of  Teachers  is  r^equested. 

The  verb  is  introduced  at  the  outset,  and  is  developed  by  moods 
until  Xvw  has  been  fully  presented,  when  a  careful  development  of 
the  seven  tense-stems  is  given.  The  exercises,  taken  mainly  from 
the  first  four  books  of  Xenophon's  Anabasis,  and  consisting  of  com- 
plete sentences,  are  designed  from  the  first  as  a  drill  not  only  on 
forms  but  also  in  syntax ;  twenty-five  additional  exercises  are  added 
to  the  lessons  proper  to  supply  material  for  such  further  practice  on 
forms  as  the  teacher  shall  deem  necessary.  Great  care  has  been 
given  in  the  vocabularies  to  the  derivation  and  composition  of 
words ;  and  two  lessons,  with  exercises,  are  devoted  to  this  subject. 
A  lesson  is  given  to  the  treatment  of  prepositions  ;  and  the  exercises 
of  the  first  sixty  lessons  have  been  so  graded  and  divided,  that  it  is 
confidently  believed  the  book  can  be  used  equally  well  in  schools  of 
the  highest  or  lowest  grade. 


107 


OPINIONS    OF    GKEKK    TKACHKKS. 


W.  S.  Tyler,  Prof,  of  Greek,  Am- 
herst Coil.:  The  plan  is  original  and 
ingenious.  It  seems  also  to  be  sensible 
and  judicious,  founded  in  the  nature  of 
language  and  of  the  mind.  It  is  a  sug- 
gestive and  stimulating  book. 

Alexander  Kerr,  Prof  of  Greek, 
Univ.  of  Vi'iscotisin  :  The  best  book  for 
beginners  which  I  have  ever  examined. 

Edward  North,  Prof  of  Greek, 
Hamilton  Coll.  :  Its  peculiar  features 
are  points  of  excellence  that  will  recom- 
mend it  to  the  favor  of  teachers.  The 
use  of  such  a  manual  by  a  skilful 
teacher  will  render  the  study  of  Greek 
attractive  at  the  outset,  and  in  tlie  final 
result  will  lead  to  accurate  scholarship 
and  breadth  of  culture. 

Samuel  Hart,  Trinity  Coll., 
Hartford  :  It  seems  to  me  to  be 
admirably  adapted  to  its  purpose ;  a 
boy  ought  to  be  able  to  read  his  Ana- 
basis almost  at  sight  after  a  careful 
study  of  this  book.  I  like  the  order  in 
which  the  subjects  are  arranged,  and 
the  thoroughness  of  treatment  and  care- 
fulness of  explanation  which  are  seen 
throughout. 

James  W.  Reese,  Prof  of  .Ancient 
Lang.,  Western  Maryland  Coll.  :  I 
find  it  better  adapted  for  the  use  of 
beginners  than  any  similar  work  I  have 
met  with.  The  plan  of  its  construction 
ensures  rapid  and  accurate  progress. 
{Sept.  24,  1882.) 

Wilford  Caulkins,  Prof  of 
Greek,  East  Tenn.  Wesley  an  Univ.: 
It  is  so  perfectly  adapted  to  the  wants 
of  beginning  classes,  and  so  admirably 
graded,  that  I  do  not  see  how  it  could 
well  be  improved. 


William  R.  Dimmock,  late  Mas- 
ter of  .Idams  .Icade/ny,  Qiiincy,  Mass.  : 
To  say  that  I  am  greatly  pleased  with 
the  book  would  by  no  means  adequately 
express  my  feelings  in  reference  to  it. 
It  is  a  school-book  of  very  great  and 
unusual  merit,  and  will  be  of  great  ser- 
vice in  education.  //  is  both  philosoph- 
ical and  practical.  We  have  no  book 
published  in  America  (and  I  know  of 
none  in  England)  that  is  so  excellent 
an  introduction  to  the  study  of  Greek. 

Robert  P.  Keep,  Classical  Mas- 
ter, Williston  Seminary,  Easthampton  : 
It  seems  to  me  the  most  beautiful 
Greek  school-book  yet  published  in  our 
country,  and  it  is,  as  far  as  I  have  ob- 
served, a  marvel  of  accuracy.  The 
merit  of  its  method  will  recommend  it 
strongly  to  classical  teachers. 

M.  G.  Daniell,  Master  in  Roxbury 
Latin  School :  I  have  had  the  book  in 
constant  use  in  my  classes  for  nearly 
two  years,  and  therefore  I  feel  justified 
in  giving  a  decided  opinion  upon  its 
merits.  No  work  of  its  class  has  ever 
suited  me  so  well  as  this.  It  is  em- 
phatically a  first-rate  text-book. 

Samuel  Unsworth,  St.  Mark's 
School,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah  :  I  have 
just  finished  it  with  my  first  class  of 
boys.  I  found  it  so  stimulating  to  my- 
self, and  learned  so  much  from  it,  that 
I  am  sure  these  boys  could  have  no 
better  book  put  into  their  hands. 

Edinburg-h  Review :  The  ex- 
ercises are  carefully  graded.  The  ar- 
rangement of  the  work  is  of  the  most 
helpful  kind. 


io8 

Leighton's  New  Greek  Lessons. 

With  references  to  Hadley's  (jreek  Grammar  as  well  as  to  Goodwin's 
New  Greek  Grammar.  Intended  as  an  introduction  to  Xenophon's 
Anabasis  or  to  Goodwin's  Greek  Reader.  By  R.  ¥.  Leighton,  Ph.D. 
(Lips.),  Principal  Brooklyn  High  School,  N.\'.  l2mo.  Half  morocco. 
Mailing  Price,  $1.30;   Introduction,  $i.20;  Allowance,  25  cent-s. 

About  seventy  easy  and  well-graded  lessons,  both  Greek  and 
Englisli,  introduce  the  pupil  to  the  first  book  of  Xenophon's  Anaba- 
sis, from  which  the  Exercises  and  Vocabularies  are  mainly  selected. 

Definite  directions  have  been  given  in  regard  to  the  amount  of 
the  Grammar  to  be  learned. 

The  main  aim  has  been,  while  introducing  the  simpler  principles 
of  syntax,  to  have  the  pupil  master  the  Inflections,  and  acquire  a 
Vocabulary.  In  furtherance  of  this  purpose,  the  exercises  on  the 
inflections  have  been  increased,  while  those  on  syntax  have  been 
decreased. 

Vocabularies  have  been  given  under  each  lesson ;  and,  in  order 
to  aid  the  pupil  in  memorizing  them,  some  insight  has  been  given 
into  the  derivation  and  composition  of  words. 

The  Prepositions  are  introduced  from  the  first;  and  the  pupil  is 
taught  the  primary  meanings,  and  how  these  meanings  are  modified 
by  the  cases  before  which  the  Prepositions  stand. 

Questions  for  Review  and  Examination  as  in  the  first  edition. 

In  rewriting  the  Lessons,  considerable  use  has  been  made  of 
the  excellent  exercises,  used  in  most  of  the  German  gymnasiums, 
prepared  by  Dr.  Wesener  to  accompany  Curtius\s  Greek  Grammar. 

The  amount  of  matter  to  be  translated  into  Greek  is  sufficient  to 
prepare  a  student  in  Greek  composition  for  most  American  colleges. 

M.  W.  Humphreys,  Prof,  of 
Greek,  Vanderbili  Univ.  :  I  have  found 
by  actual  trial  that,  for  beginners,  it 
forms  an  excellent  companion  to  the 
Grammar,     {March  6,  1882.) 


A.  H.  Buck,  Prof,  of  Greek,  Bos- 
ton Univ. :  In  its  general  plan,  subject- 
matter,  and  method,  it  is  excellently 
well  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the  be- 
ginner. I  hope  it  will  meet  the  favor 
it  so  well  deserves.     {May  6,  1881.) 


S.  R.  Winans,  Instructor  in  Greek, 
Princeton  Colt.,  N.y. :  I  have  just  had 
occasion  to  use  the  revised  edition. 
We  completed  the  eighty  lessons  in 
eight  weeks,  and  the  pupil  is  now  read- 
ing the  Anabasis  with  remarkable  facil- 
ity and  speed.  I  consider  this  a  splen- 
did test  of  the  merits  of  the  book,  as 
to  plan,  methods,  gradation,  etc.  I  am 
so  delighted  with  it  that  I  cannot  for- 
bear commending  it.  It  is  ideally 
good. 


109 

First  Four  Books  of  Xenophon's  Anabasis. 

With  an  illustrated  Vocabulary.  Edited  by  Professors  W.  W.  Goodwin 
and  John  Williams  White  of  Harvard  University.  i2mo.  Half 
morocco.  355  pages.  Mailing  Price,  ^1.65;  Introduction,  ^1.50' 
Allowance,  25  cents. 

Without  Vocabulary.     Mailing  Price,  Si.io;  Introduction,  ^i.oo; 
Allowance,  25  cents. 

The  Notes  are  copious,  and  much  grammatical  aid  is  given, 
chiefly  in  the  form  of  references  to  the  revised  and  enlarged  edition 
of  Goodwin's  Greek  Grammar. 

A  colored  map  is  added,  giving  the  route  of  the  Ten  Thousand. 

The  distinguishing  features  of  the  Vocabulary  are  its  illustra- 
tions, the  fulness  of  its  definitions,  and  its  careful  treatment  of 
etymologies. 


Goodwin's  Greek  Reader. 

Consisting  of  Selections  from  Xenophon,  Plato,  Herodotus,  and 
Thucydides;  being  the  full  amount  of  Greek  Prose  required  for 
admission  to  Harvard  University.  With  Colored  Maps,  Notes,  and 
References  to  the  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  Goodwin's  Greek 
Grammar.  Edited  by  Professor  W.  W.  Goodwin  of  Harvard  Uni- 
versity. i2mo.  Half  morocco.  384  pages.  Mailing  price,  ^1.65; 
Introduction,  ^1.50;  Allowance,  25  cents. 

This  edition  of  the  Reader  contains  the  first  and  second  books 
of  the  Anabasis,  with  copious  notes,  the  greater  part  of  the  second 
book  and  an  extract  from  the  seventh  of  the  Hellenica,  with  the 
first  chapter  of  the  Memorabilia,  of  Xenophon  ;  the  last  part  of  the 
Apology,  and  the  beginning  and  end  of  the  Phaedo,  of  Plato ;  and 
.selections  from  the  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  books  of  Herodotus, 
and  from  the  fourth  book  of  Thucvdides. 


B.  L.  Cilley,  Pro/,  of  Greek, 
Phillips  Exeter  Acad. :  The  selections 
are  good,  the  notes  are  well  written, 
and,  what  I  think  much  of,  the  type  is 
clear  and  the  book  looks  attractive. 
The  beginner  gets  as  much  good  from 
reading  the  two  books  of  the  Anabasis 
as  if  he  read  the  whole  of  it,  and,  in 
addition,  is  made  acquainted  with  the 
closing  scenes  of  his  Peloponnesian 
War.  sees  Socrates  tried,  condemned, 


and  executed,  follows  Xerxes  in  his 
invasion  of  Greece,  learns  of  Themis- 
tocles  and  Miltiades,  of  Thermopylae 
and  Salamis,  and  is  encouraged  to 
inform  himself  on  the  whole  history 
of  Greece. 

I  shall  feel  that  a  long  step  in  ad- 
vance has  been  taken  when  I  learn  that 
the  Anabasis  has  been  thrown  aside  for 
as  good  a  book  as  Goodwin's  Greek 
Reader. 


no 


Goodwin's  Greek  Moods  and  Tenses. 

By  William  W.  Goodwin,  Ph.D.,  Eliot  Professor  of  Greek  Literature 
in  Harvard  University.  Seventh  Edition.  Revised  and  Enlarged. 
i2mo.    Cloth.    279  pages.     Mailing  Price,  $1.65  ;   Introduction,  $1.50. 

The  object  of  the  work  is  to  give  a  plain  statement  of  the  principles 
which  govern  the  construction  of  the  Greek  Moods  and  Tenses,  —  the 
most  important  and  the  most  difficult  part  of  Greek  Syntax.  Schol- 
ars are  referred  to  the  Preface  for  a  fuller  account  of  the  principles 
on  which  the  work  is  based,  and  of  its  object  and  scope.  The 
index  to  the  classic  examples  (more  than  twenty-three  hundred  in 
number)  by  which  the  work  is  illustrated,  arranged  according  to 
authors,  is  of  great  value  to  teachers  who  use  the  book  for  reference 
in  their  classes. 

Since  1874  Goodwin's  Moods  and  Tenses  of  the  Greek  Verb  has 
been  included  in  the  list  of  works  recommended  by  the  Board  of 
Classical  Studies  of  the  University  of  Cambridge  (England)  to 
candidates  for  honors  in  the  Classical  Tripos.  In  1875  it  was  re- 
published by  Macmillan  &  Co.  in  London  and  Oxford. 


The   London  Academy :    The 

syntax  of  Curtius's  grammar,  although 
much  improved  in  the  last  German  edi- 
tion revised  by  Dr.  Gerth,  cannot  even 
now  challenge  comparison  with  "  Good- 
win's Syntax  of  the  Moods  and  Tenses." 
It  is  incomparably  the  best,  the  clearest, 
and  most  complete  accoimt  of  the  ex- 
ceedingly complex  construction  of  the 
Greek  sentence ;  it  is  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge by  all  those  who  aim  at  the  at- 
tainment of  high  classical  honors,  and 
it  is  equally  fitted  for  the  highest  forms 
in  public  schools.  It  is  not  only  a 
treatise  on  Greek,  but,  by  implication, 
on  logic  and  the  science  of  language, 

and  it  affords  a  far  better  training  for  j  this  country.  After  a  thorough  course 
advanced  boys  than  the  brilliant  and '  in  it,  a  student  feels  as  much  at  home 
attractive,  but  rather  inaccurate,  work '  among  the   optatives   as   in   our   own 


Arthur  Sidg-wick,  Lecturer  at 
Corpus  Christi  Coll.,  Oxford,  and  Fel- 
low of  Trinity  Coll.,  Cambridge  :  The 
best  book  on  the  subject  that  has  been 
published,  either  in  Europe  or  America. 
It  is  well  known  in  England,  at  any  rate 
among  the  best  Cambridge  scholars ; 
and  those  whose  opinion  is  of  most 
value  appreciate  it  most  highly. 

North  American  Revie-w :  It  is 

the  only  important  work  on  the  subject 
in  the  English  language. 

The  Nation  :  Its  publication  be- 
gan a  new  era  in  the  study  of  Greek  in 


of  Dr.  Farrar.  If  the  scholarship  of 
Harvard  is  really  built  on  the  founda- 
tions of  Dr.  Goodwin,  we  may  look  for 
great  results  in  the  future  of  American 
philology. 


mays  and  mights.  After  the  acute  in- 
vestigations of  German  scholars,  it  was 
reserved  for  the  "  practical  American  " 
to  give  the  clue  to  the  protasis  and 
apodosis. 


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